Common: Remove logger dependency on process object

[Jesperholmbergmsft]

This updates the ConsoleLogger class to
a) take logger name pattern as an optional parameter to the constructor,
b) take log level from process.env when available, and
c) be resilient to the process instance being unavailable.
For both logger & pattern options, the environment value is favored over the logger options.

[Jesperholmbergmsft]

@microsoft-github-policy-service agree company="Microsoft"