feat: cache Go's build artifacts in dockerfiles

[nddq]

This update caches Go’s build artifacts, speeding up image builds and avoiding rebuilds for unchanged packages, thus streamlining development.

[rbtr]

@nddq you need to amend and sign all previous commits (or squash to a single signed commit)

[rbtr]

wonder if we could do this to CodeQL somehow so that the Windows build would take less than 90 minutes? 😭

[nddq]

@nddq you need to amend and sign all previous commits (or squash to a single signed commit)

i did add a -S to every git commit though? Is it not showing up?

[rbtr]

i did add a -S to every git commit though? Is it not showing up?

not on cf4c52c92544e268f589997041bf5678c1844ebb
you can see which ones have the Verified badge here https://github.com/microsoft/retina/pull/159/commits