Merge pull request #837 from noahbrenner/comp-sci

✏️ 💬CompSci: Fix code blocks, Markdown formatting, and prose

comp-sci/data-structures-and-algorithms/algorithms-i/approximation-methods.md

@@ -54,9 +54,9 @@ The last function, `little-o`, satisfies `f(n)<c⋅g(n)`, for every `n>=n'`. In
 
 Which bound is defined as:
 ```text
-F(n) is O(f(n))
+g(n) is O(f(n))
 and
-F(n) is not Θ(f(n))
+g(n) is not Θ(f(n))
 ```
 ???
 
@@ -86,15 +86,15 @@ nˆ3 >= 3nˆ2 + 10n,
 true for any n >= 5
 ```
 In this case:
-```
-F(n) = 3nˆ2+10n
-f(n) = nˆ3
+```text
+f(n) = 3nˆ2 + 10n
+g(n) = nˆ3
 c = 1
 n' = 5
 ```
 
 [2:Big Theta]
 Here, the following axiom is used:
-```
+```text
 if a>=b and b>=a, then a=b.
 ```

comp-sci/data-structures-and-algorithms/algorithms-i/binary-search.md

@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ log n = m * log 2 = m * 1 = m
 We proved that the maximum number of operations is logarithmic relative to the total number of items. Does it make sense for us to say that the algorithm takes `O(log n)` time?
 
 Yes, it does! If you were to divide 200,000 in half 17 times, you'd end up with an astonishing total of **1.5** items you would still have to compare. In other words:
-```
+```text
 200,000 / 2 = 100,000
 100,000 / 2 = 50,000
 ...

comp-sci/data-structures-and-algorithms/algorithms-ii/reverse-polish-notation.md

@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ What is the infix equivalent notation of the reverse polish notation `4 3 + 10 
 
 ---
 ## Quiz 
-### what is the result of the following expression?
+### What is the result of the following expression?
 
 Evaluate the following expression written
 using the reverse polish notation (postfix notation)

comp-sci/data-structures-and-algorithms/intro-data-structures/the-array-data-structure.md

@@ -39,23 +39,23 @@ A *dynamic* bookshelf would resize itself as soon as there is no more room for a
 You can declare an array using:
 ```
 //constructed arrays of size 3
-//java
+//Java
 int[] myArray = {1,2,3};
-//c++
+//C++
 int myArray[] = {1,2,3};
-//python
+//Python
 from array import array
-myAr = array('i', [1,2,3,4])
-//javascript
+myArray = array('i', [1,2,3])
+//JavaScript
 var myArray = [1,2,'enki'];
 ```
 Or empty arrays of size 3:
 ```
-//java
+//Java
 int[] myArray = new int[3];
-//c++
+//C++
 int myArray[3];
-//javascript
+//JavaScript
 var myArray = new Array(3);
 
 ```

comp-sci/networking/fundamentals-i/types-of-networks.md

@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ A `WLAN` is a type of `LAN` that uses wireless technology (nearly always Wi-Fi)
 ---
 ## Practice
 
-Which of the following network types describes a local area network that uses **wireless** technologies to connect its devices ?
+Which of the following network types describes a local area network that uses **wireless** technologies to connect its devices?
 
 ???
 

comp-sci/networking/fundamentals-i/what-is-a-computer-network.md

@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ The largest and most known computer network is the **Internet**. This world-wide
 ---
 ## Revision
 
-Within a computer network, how are devices that send, route or receive data called?
+Within a computer network, what do we call devices that send, route, or receive data?
 
 ???
 

comp-sci/networking/fundamentals-ii/what-is-a-port.md

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ A *web server* and a *mail server* can be hosted by the same machine, but they n
 While the **IP address** identifies a single machine, the combination of **IP address** and **port number** identifies a specific service running on that machine.
 
 If you think of the IP address as the equivalent of a postcode, then the port number represents the house number
-A building located at *249 Oak St.* might have a café at *249 Oak **#1***, a bookshop at *249 Oak **#2***, and a so on.
+A building located at *249 Oak St.* might have a café at *249 Oak* ***#1***, a bookshop at *249 Oak* ***#2***, and a so on.
 
 The syntax used to specify ports is `ip:port`. If our machine is located at `13.0.0.0`, we can have a *mail server* running at:
 ```

comp-sci/networking/intro-to-http/what-are-status-codes.md

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ parent: what-is-an-url
 
 ---
 
-# What are status codes
+# What are status codes?
 
 ---
 ## Content
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ The *status code* indicates whether the request has been successfully processed
 ---
 ## Practice
 
-What first digit in the status code does imply a **successfully processed request**?
+What is the first digit of the status code for a **successfully processed request**?
 
 ???
 

comp-sci/networking/intro-to-http/what-is-an-url.md

@@ -35,18 +35,18 @@ parent: what-is-http
 An URL can be broken down into several key components:
 ```
 http://www.enki.com:80/path/res?q=x
-|___| |_______________||______||___|
-protocol      host       path  query
+|__|   |_____________||_______||__|
+protocol     host        path  query
 ```
 
-- the **protocol**, usually `http` or `https`. This part states how the data pointed at by the whole URL should be processed
-- the **host** address contains a *subdomain* (`www`), a *domain* (`enki.com`) and a *port* number (`80`), usually hidden in modern browsers
-- the resource **path** represents the resource's location on the server
-- a **query string**, beginning with `?`, that contains different `field=value&` pairs[1] (more on this in a later insight)
+- The **protocol**, usually `http` or `https`, defines how the data that is exchanged using this URL should be processed.
+- The **host** address can contain a *subdomain* (`www`), a *domain* (`enki.com`) and a *port* number (`80`). In modern browsers, the port number is usually hidden when using the default port for the given protocol.
+- The resource **path** generally represents the resource's location in the server's file system.
+- A **query string**, beginning with `?`, contains `key=value` pairs[1]. These pairs are separated by `&` characters if there is more than one of them (more on this in a later insight).
 
 A **URL** is not specific to the `HTTP` protocol, but is a generic and standardised way of locating resources on a network.
 
-In fact, a **URL** is subtype of **URI** (Uniform Resource Identifier), but accompanied by a "access mechanism" or "network locator" (`http://`).
+In fact, a **URL** is subtype of **URI** (Uniform Resource Identifier), but accompanied by an "access mechanism" or "network locator" (`http://`).
 While all **URL**s are **URI**s, not all **URI**s are **URL**s.
 
 ---
@@ -82,8 +82,10 @@ The substring of an URL containing a subdomain, a domain and a port number is ca
 ---
 ## Footnotes
 [1: Query string]
-This is usually used for additional operations that should be done server-side: filtering, searching etc. :
+The information in a query string is usually used for additional operations that are done on the server-side, such as filtering or searching:
+
 ```
 www.myapp.com/users?name=John
 ```
-Would make sense to return the users whose name is *John*.
+
+It would make sense for the above URL to return any users with the name *John*.

comp-sci/networking/intro-to-http/what-is-http.md

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ parent: test-connectivity
 ---
 ## Content
 
-Standing for **Hypertext Transfer Protocol**, *HTTP* is an application-layer protocol that enables communication between two entities in a network.
+**HTTP**, which is short for **Hypertext Transfer Protocol**, is an application-layer protocol that enables communication between two entities in a network.
 
 **HTTP** is considered the foundation of the modern web and it works on top of *TCP/IP* communication protocol. While other ports may be used, the reserved **HTTP** port is `80`.
 

comp-sci/networking/metrics/what-are-latency-and-ping.md

@@ -45,22 +45,20 @@ Keep in mind that processing and decoding time of the `packet` is not taken into
 
 To calculate **RTT**, one can use the `ping` command line utility, available on most systems, including **Windows**:
 
-```
+```bash
 ping enki.com
 ```
 
 A general output would be:
-```
+```text
 64 bytes from 52.85.178.222:
    icmp_seq=1 ttl=55 time=55.9 ms
 64 bytes from 52.85.178.222:
    icmp_seq=2 ttl=55 time=55.6 ms
 64 bytes from 52.85.178.222:
-  icmp_seq=3 ttl=55 time=56.2 ms
-
-
+   icmp_seq=3 ttl=55 time=56.2 ms
 ```
-You can see that the average time is around `55 -56` ms.
+You can see that the average time is around `55-56` ms.
 
 In the majority of cases the **ping rate** is equivalent to the **effective latency** between a device and a server, but factors such as throttling and congestion[4] might affect the results.
 The terms are roughly synonymous and many games and applications report the **latency** as **ping rate**.

comp-sci/networking/metrics/what-is-packet-loss.md

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ The causes of packet loss vary, yet the most common ones are:
 ---
 ## Revision
 
-_Packet loss_ is measured
+### *Packet loss* is measured
 
 ???
 

comp-sci/networking/requests-responses/a-request-example.md

@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ Content-Length: 62
 ```
 
 This is a line-by-line analysis of the request header:
+
 1. The request line states that this is a `POST` request, which targets the relative path `/api/auth/login` on the server. The request makes use of the the `HTTP/1.1` standard.
 2. The `Host` contains the server's address: `enkipro.com`.
 3. The `Connection` field ensures that the connection won't be closed after the first request/response exchange (which speeds up the process by not having to reconnect for each new request).
@@ -62,9 +63,9 @@ This is a line-by-line analysis of the request header:
 9. `Content-Type` field tells the server the payload content's type and how to decode it.
 10. Our last field in this example, `Content-length` represents the length, in octets (1 octet = 1 byte = 8 bits), of the message payload. A character requires one octet to be represented, making the value the actual length of the message.
 
-The payload contains the data specified by the **client**. In this case, the login input fields, formatted as a *JSON* file were added. By reading the header, the server will be able to also understand the payload and return an appropriate response.
+The payload contains the data specified by the **client**. In this example, the login input fields are included, formatted as a *JSON* string. By reading the header, the server will be able to understand the payload and return an appropriate response.
 
-Most modern browsers like **Microsoft Edge** (*F12*), **Mozilla Firefox**(*CTRL/CMD + Shift + J*) or **Chrome** (*CTRL/CMD + Shift + i*) provide a Developer Console accompanied by a *Network* tab where you can take a detailed look on all requests and responses made by your browser.
+Most modern browsers like **Microsoft Edge** (*F12*), **Mozilla Firefox** (*CTRL/CMD + Shift + J*) or **Chrome** (*CTRL/CMD + Shift + i*) provide a Developer Console accompanied by a *Network* tab where you can take a detailed look on all requests and responses made by your browser.
 
 ---
 ## Practice
@@ -82,15 +83,15 @@ The filetypes that the server should return are specified in the
 ---
 ## Revision
 
-Within a **HTTP request**, details about the browser are contained inside the
+Within an **HTTP request**, details about the browser are provided by which header field?
 
-??? header field.
+???
 
 
-* User-Agent
-* Accept
-* Referer
-* Connection
+* `User-Agent`
+* `Accept`
+* `Referer`
+* `Connection`
 
 ---
 ## Footnotes

comp-sci/networking/requests-responses/a-response-example.md

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ parent: http-response
 
 ---
 
-# A response example
+# A Response Example
 
 ---
 ## Content
@@ -42,18 +42,19 @@ Server: nginx/1.10.1
 Content-Length: 4117
 Connection: keep-alive
 
-[Body - 4117 characters long]
+[Body - 4117 bytes long]
 ```
 
 As you probably noticed, the request was successful, its **header** containing:
+
 1. On the status line you can find the protocol version, `HTTP/1.1`, the status code, `200`, and the code description, `OK`.
 2. The `*` in the `Access-Control-Allow-Origin` states that the request could be sent from any domain and the server would still respond.
 3. The `Content-Encoding` header contains one of the accepted encodings, specified by the request (`gzip`).
 4. Next, `Content-Type` specifies how the payload of the request is formatted. In this case, it has `JSON` format, with `utf-8` character encoding.
 5. The `Date` field contains the moment in time when the response was generated.
-6. `ETag` field contains the identifier for the cached object. In our case, a successful log in should return the user object.
+6. The `ETag` field contains the identifier for the cached object. In our case, a successful login should return the user object.
 7. You can see the server type (`nginx`) and its version (`1.10.1`) under the `Server` header.
-8. As you may already figured out, the `Content-Length` represents the number of characters in the response's payload. Because the whole user object is returned, the data is not negligible.
+8. `Content-Length` specifies the number of bytes in the response's payload. For uncompressed data, this usually corresponds to the number of characters, as long as they're all in the ASCII range. Because the whole user object is returned, the data is not negligible in this example.
 9. The `Connection` field says that neither the server nor the client should close the connection.
 
 In addition, the **payload** or **message body** can also present in this response. In this scenario, a `JSON` object was returned by the *server*, containing various user information.
@@ -81,8 +82,8 @@ Which of the following **HTTP response** header fields specifies the format of t
 ???
 
 
-* Content-Type
-* Content-Encoding
-* Content-Length
-* Content-Format
+* `Content-Type`
+* `Content-Encoding`
+* `Content-Length`
+* `Content-Format`
 

comp-sci/networking/requests-responses/http-pipelining.md

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ parent: a-response-example
 
 ---
 
-# Http pipelining
+# HTTP pipelining
 
 ---
 ## Content