This repository contains the code and documentation of top-5 winning solutions from the ASHRAE - Great Energy Predictor III cometition that was held in late 2019 on the Kaggle platform. It also contains comparative analysis of these solutions with respect to their characteristics such as workflow, computation time, and score distributation with respect to meter type, site, and primary space usage, etc.
An video overview of the competition can be found from the ASHRAE 2020 Online Conference by Clayton Miller from the BUDS Lab at the National University of Singapore
A full overview of the GEPIII competition can be found in a Science and Technology for the Built Environment Journal - Preprint found on arXiv
To cite this competition or analysis:
Clayton Miller, Pandarasamy Arjunan, Anjukan Kathirgamanathan, Chun Fu, Jonathan Roth, June Young Park, Chris Balbach, Krishnan Gowri, Zoltan Nagy, Anthony D. Fontanini & Jeff Haberl (2020) The ASHRAE Great Energy Predictor III competition: Overview and results, Science and Technology for the Built Environment, DOI: 10.1080/23744731.2020.1795514
In late 2019, ASHRAE hosted the Great Energy Predictor III (GEPIII) machine learning competition on the Kaggle platform. This launch marked the third energy prediction competition from ASHRAE and the first since the mid-1990s. In this updated version, the competitors were provided with over 20 million points of training data from 2,380 energy meters collected for 1,448 buildings from 16 sources. This competition’s overall objective was to find the most accurate modeling solutions for the prediction of over 41 million private and public test data points. The competition had 4,370 participants, split across 3,614 teams from 94 countries who submitted 39,403 predictions. In addition to the top five winning workflows, the competitors publicly shared 415 reproducible online machine learning workflow examples (notebooks), including over 40 additional, full solutions. This paper gives a high-level overview of the competition preparation and dataset, competitors and their discussions, machine learning workflows and models generated, winners and their submissions, discussion of lessons learned, and competition outputs and next steps. The most popular and accurate machine learning workflows used large ensembles of mostly gradient boosting tree models, such as LightGBM. Similar to the first predictor competition, preprocessing of the data sets emerged as a key differentiator.
The data set from the competition is now opened as the Building Data Genome 2 project that is outlined in a publication in Nature Scientific Data -- preprint on arxiv.
Key takeaways:
- Large ensembles of models are essential in the application of ML on building energy prediction at scale
- Gradient boosting tree models were the most common in these ensembles, especially LightGBM.
- Pre-processing of the training data, including outlier removal, was the key differentiator in the top winners and was usually not an automated process.
- Many of the winners had engineering backgrounds and even previous experience in meter prediction
Special credit goes to Dr. Samy Arjunan for organizing and replicating the solutions in this repository
Instructions to fully reproduce each solution are found in the wiki for this repository and other details found below.
The raw data data for the top 5 winning solutions - code and docs (original submission by the winners)
The top five winning solutions can be understood through a series of explainer videos hosted here, including extended presentations at the ASHRAE 2020 Online Conferece in June 2020. Potential users of these solutions should note that each winner gave advice on the solution complexity vs. accuracy. These videos are also listed below individually for each solution.
- Code
- Solution Summary (Kaggle discussion board)
- Overview Video of Solution by team member Matt Motoki
- ASHRAE Annual Meeting Solution Overview Presentation by team member Matt Motoki
- Code
- Solution summary (PDF)
- Solution Summary (Kaggle discussion board)
- Overview Video of Solution by team member Rohan Rao
- ASHRAE Annual Meeting Solution Overview Presentation by team member Rohan Rao
- Code
- Solution summary (PDF)
- Solution Summary (Kaggle discussion board)
- Overview Video of Solution by team member Xavier Capdepon
- ASHRAE Annual Meeting Solution Overview Presentation by Xavier Capdepon
- Code
- Solution summary (.DOCX)
- Solution Summary (Kaggle discussion board)
- Overview Video of Solution by Jun Yang
- Code
- Solution summary (.DOCX)
- Solution summary presentation (PDF)
- Solution Summary (Kaggle discussion board)
- Overview Video of Solution by team member Yuta Kobayashi
| Final Rank | Team | Final Private Leaderboard Score | Preprocessing Strategy | Features Strategy Overview | Modeling Strategy Overview | Post-Processing strategy |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Matthew Motoki and Isamu Yamashita (Isamu and Matt) | 1.231 | Removed anomalies in meter data and imputed missing values in weather data | 28 features, Extensively focused on feature engineering and selected | LightGBM, CatBoost, and MLP models trained on different subsets of the training and public data | Ensembled the model predictions using weighted generalized mean. |
| 2 | Rohan Rao, Anton Isakin, Yangguang Zang, and Oleg Knaub (cHa0s) | 1.232 | Visual analytics and manual inspection | Raw energy meter data, temporal features, building metadata, simple statistical features of weather data. | XGBoost, LightGBM, Catboost, and Feed-forward Neural Network models trained on different subset of the training set | Weighted mean. (different weights were used for different meter types) |
| 3 | Xavier Capdepon (eagle4) | 1.234 | Eliminated 0s in the same period in the same site | 21 features including raw data, weather, and various meta data | Keras CNN, LightGBM and Catboost | Weighted average |
| 4 | Jun Yang (不用leakage上分太难了) | 1.235 | Deleted outliers during the training phase | 23 features including raw data, aggregate, weather lag features, and target encoding. Features are selected using sub-training sets. | XGBoost (2-fold, 5-fold) and Light GBM (3-fold) | Ensembled three models. Weights were determined using the leaked data. |
| 5 | Tatsuya Sano, Minoru Tomioka, and Yuta Kobayashi (mma) | 1.237 | Dropped long streaks of constant values and zero target values. | Target encoding using percentile and proportion and used the weather data temporal features | LightGBM in two steps -- identify model parameters on a subset and then train on the whole set for each building. | Weighted average. |
| Solution | Preprocessing | Feature engineering | Training | Prediction | Ensembling | Total (minutes) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rank 1 | 9 | 128 | 7440 | 708 | 35 | 8320 |
| Rank 2 | 36 | 24 | 1850 | 94 | 7 | 2011 |
| Rank 3 | 178 | 12 | 501 | 100 | 14 | 805 |
| Rank 4 | 40 | 7 | 85 | 46 | 6 | 184 |
| Rank 5 | 3 | 9 | 13 | 20 | 16 | 61 |
Note: all solutions were reproduced on AWS EC2 (g4dn.4xlarge) using Deep Learning AMI.