[DOCS] add sedona clustering algorithms page (#1772)

* add sedona clustering algorithms page

* lint images

docs/tutorial/concepts/clustering-algorithms.md

@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
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+
+# Apache Sedona Clustering Algorithms
+
+Clustering algorithms group similar data points into “clusters.”  Apache Sedona can run clustering algorithms on large geometric datasets.
+
+Note that the term cluster is overloaded here:
+
+* A computation cluster is a network of computers that work together to execute the algorithm
+* A clustering algorithm divides data points into different “clusters”
+
+This page uses “cluster” to refer to the output of a clustering algorithm.
+
+## Clustering with DBSCAN
+
+This page explains how to use Apache Sedona to perform density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (“DBSCAN”).
+
+This algorithm groups geometric objects in high-density areas as clusters and marks points in low-density areas as outliers.
+
+Let’s look at a scatter plot of points to visualize a data set that can be clustered.
+
+![scatter plot of points](../../image/tutorial/concepts/dbscan-scatterplot-points.png)
+
+Here’s how the DBSCAN algorithm clusters the points:
+
+![scatter point with cluster groupings](../../image/tutorial/concepts/dbscan-clustering.png)
+
+* 5 points are in cluster 0
+* 4 points are in cluster 1
+* 4 points are outliers
+
+Let’s create a Spark DataFrame with this data and then run the clustering with Sedona.  Here’s how to construct the DataFrame:
+
+```python
+df = (
+    sedona.createDataFrame([
+        (1, 8.0, 2.0),
+        (2, 2.6, 4.0),
+        (3, 2.5, 4.0),
+        (4, 8.5, 2.5),
+        (5, 2.8, 4.3),
+        (6, 12.8, 4.5),
+        (7, 2.5, 4.2),
+        (8, 8.2, 2.5),
+        (9, 8.0, 3.0),
+        (10, 1.0, 5.0),
+        (11, 8.0, 2.5),
+        (12, 5.0, 6.0),
+        (13, 4.0, 3.0),
+    ], ["id", "x", "y"])
+).withColumn("point", ST_Point(col("x"), col("y")))
+```
+
+Here are the contents of the DataFrame:
+
+```
++---+----+---+----------------+
+| id|   x|  y|           point|
++---+----+---+----------------+
+|  1| 8.0|2.0|     POINT (8 2)|
+|  2| 2.6|4.0|   POINT (2.6 4)|
+|  3| 2.5|4.0|   POINT (2.5 4)|
+|  4| 8.5|2.5| POINT (8.5 2.5)|
+|  5| 2.8|4.3| POINT (2.8 4.3)|
+|  6|12.8|4.5|POINT (12.8 4.5)|
+|  7| 2.5|4.2| POINT (2.5 4.2)|
+|  8| 8.2|2.5| POINT (8.2 2.5)|
+|  9| 8.0|3.0|     POINT (8 3)|
+| 10| 1.0|5.0|     POINT (1 5)|
+| 11| 8.0|2.5|   POINT (8 2.5)|
+| 12| 5.0|6.0|     POINT (5 6)|
+| 13| 4.0|3.0|     POINT (4 3)|
++---+----+---+----------------+
+```
+
+Here’s how to run the DBSCAN algorithm:
+
+```python
+from sedona.stats.clustering.dbscan import dbscan
+
+dbscan(df, 1.0, 3).orderBy("id").show()
+```
+
+Here are the results of the computation:
+
+```
++---+----+---+----------------+------+-------+
+| id|   x|  y|           point|isCore|cluster|
++---+----+---+----------------+------+-------+
+|  1| 8.0|2.0|     POINT (8 2)|  true|      0|
+|  2| 2.6|4.0|   POINT (2.6 4)|  true|      1|
+|  3| 2.5|4.0|   POINT (2.5 4)|  true|      1|
+|  4| 8.5|2.5| POINT (8.5 2.5)|  true|      0|
+|  5| 2.8|4.3| POINT (2.8 4.3)|  true|      1|
+|  6|12.8|4.5|POINT (12.8 4.5)| false|     -1|
+|  7| 2.5|4.2| POINT (2.5 4.2)|  true|      1|
+|  8| 8.2|2.5| POINT (8.2 2.5)|  true|      0|
+|  9| 8.0|3.0|     POINT (8 3)|  true|      0|
+| 10| 1.0|5.0|     POINT (1 5)| false|     -1|
+| 11| 8.0|2.5|   POINT (8 2.5)|  true|      0|
+| 12| 5.0|6.0|     POINT (5 6)| false|     -1|
+| 13| 4.0|3.0|     POINT (4 3)| false|     -1|
++---+----+---+----------------+------+-------+
+```
+
+You can see the `cluster` column that indicates the grouping of the geometric object.
+
+To run this operation, you must set the Spark checkpoint directory. The checkpoint directory is a temporary cache in durable storage where the query's intermediate results are written.
+
+Here is how you can set the checkpoint directory:
+
+```python
+sedona.sparkContext.setCheckpointDir(myPath)
+```
+
+`myPath` needs to be accessible to all executors. A local path is a good option on a local machine. When available, the HDFS is likely the best choice. Some runtime environments may allow or require block storage paths (e.g., Amazon S3, Google Cloud Storage). Depending on your environment, some runtime environments may already set the Spark checkpoint directory, so this step may not be necessary.

docs/tutorial/sql.md

@@ -904,6 +904,8 @@ The output will look like this:
 +----------------+---+------+-------+
 ```
 
+See [this page](../concepts/clustering-algorithms) for more information on the DBSCAN algorithm.
+
 ## Calculate the Local Outlier Factor (LOF)
 
 Sedona provides an implementation of the [Local Outlier Factor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_outlier_factor) algorithm to identify anomalous data.

mkdocs.yml

@@ -75,6 +75,8 @@ nav:
       - Examples:
           - Scala/Java: tutorial/demo.md
           - Python: tutorial/jupyter-notebook.md
+      - Concepts:
+          - Clustering Algorithms: tutorial/concepts/clustering-algorithms.md
   - API Docs:
       - Sedona with Apache Spark:
           - SQL: