You can find all the code for this chapter here
It is assumed that you have read the structs section before as some understanding of interfaces will be needed for this.
There are a lot of misunderstandings around dependency injection around the programming community. Hopefully, this guide will show you how
- You don't need a framework
- It does not overcomplicate your design
- It facilitates testing
- It allows you to write great, general-purpose functions.
We want to write a function that greets someone, just like we did in the hello-world chapter but this time we are going to be testing the actual printing.
Just to recap, here is what that function could look like
func Greet(name string) {
fmt.Printf("Hello, %s", name)
}But how can we test this? Calling fmt.Printf prints to stdout, which is pretty hard for us to capture using the testing framework.
What we need to do is to be able to inject (which is just a fancy word for pass in) the dependency of printing.
Our function doesn't need to care where or how the printing happens, so we should accept an interface rather than a concrete type.
If we do that, we can then change the implementation to print to something we control so that we can test it. In "real life" you would inject in something that writes to stdout.
If you look at the source code of fmt.Printf you can see a way for us to hook in
// It returns the number of bytes written and any write error encountered.
func Printf(format string, a ...interface{}) (n int, err error) {
return Fprintf(os.Stdout, format, a...)
}Interesting! Under the hood Printf just calls Fprintf passing in os.Stdout.
What exactly is an os.Stdout? What does Fprintf expect to get passed to it for the 1st argument?
func Fprintf(w io.Writer, format string, a ...interface{}) (n int, err error) {
p := newPrinter()
p.doPrintf(format, a)
n, err = w.Write(p.buf)
p.free()
return
}An io.Writer
type Writer interface {
Write(p []byte) (n int, err error)
}From this we can infer that os.Stdout implements io.Writer; Printf passes os.Stdout to Fprintf which expects an io.Writer.
As you write more Go code you will find this interface popping up a lot because it's a great general purpose interface for "put this data somewhere".
So we know under the covers we're ultimately using Writer to send our greeting somewhere. Let's use this existing abstraction to make our code testable and more reusable.
func TestGreet(t *testing.T) {
buffer := bytes.Buffer{}
Greet(&buffer, "Chris")
got := buffer.String()
want := "Hello, Chris"
if got != want {
t.Errorf("got %q want %q", got, want)
}
}The Buffer type from the bytes package implements the Writer interface, because it has the method Write(p []byte) (n int, err error).
So we'll use it in our test to send in as our Writer and then we can check what was written to it after we invoke Greet
The test will not compile
./di_test.go:10:7: too many arguments in call to Greet
have (*bytes.Buffer, string)
want (string)
Listen to the compiler and fix the problem.
func Greet(writer *bytes.Buffer, name string) {
fmt.Printf("Hello, %s", name)
}Hello, Chris di_test.go:16: got '' want 'Hello, Chris'
The test fails. Notice that the name is getting printed out, but it's going to stdout.
Use the writer to send the greeting to the buffer in our test. Remember fmt.Fprintf is like fmt.Printf but instead takes a Writer to send the string to, whereas fmt.Printf defaults to stdout.
func Greet(writer *bytes.Buffer, name string) {
fmt.Fprintf(writer, "Hello, %s", name)
}The test now passes.
Earlier the compiler told us to pass in a pointer to a bytes.Buffer. This is technically correct but not very useful.
To demonstrate this, try wiring up the Greet function into a Go application where we want it to print to stdout.
func main() {
Greet(os.Stdout, "Elodie")
}./di.go:14:7: cannot use os.Stdout (type *os.File) as type *bytes.Buffer in argument to Greet
As discussed earlier fmt.Fprintf allows you to pass in an io.Writer which we know both os.Stdout and bytes.Buffer implement.
If we change our code to use the more general purpose interface we can now use it in both tests and in our application.
package main
import (
"fmt"
"os"
"io"
)
func Greet(writer io.Writer, name string) {
fmt.Fprintf(writer, "Hello, %s", name)
}
func main() {
Greet(os.Stdout, "Elodie")
}What other places can we write data to using io.Writer? Just how general purpose is our Greet function?
Run the following
package main
import (
"fmt"
"io"
"log"
"net/http"
)
func Greet(writer io.Writer, name string) {
fmt.Fprintf(writer, "Hello, %s", name)
}
func MyGreeterHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
Greet(w, "world")
}
func main() {
log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":5000", http.HandlerFunc(MyGreeterHandler)))
}Run the program and go to http://localhost:5000. You'll see your greeting function being used.
HTTP servers will be covered in a later chapter so don't worry too much about the details.
When you write an HTTP handler, you are given an http.ResponseWriter and the http.Request that was used to make the request. When you implement your server you write your response using the writer.
You can probably guess that http.ResponseWriter also implements io.Writer so this is why we could re-use our Greet function inside our handler.
Our first round of code was not easy to test because it wrote data to somewhere we couldn't control.
Motivated by our tests we refactored the code so we could control where the data was written by injecting a dependency which allowed us to:
- Test our code If you can't test a function easily, it's usually because of dependencies hard-wired into a function or global state. If you have a global database connection pool for instance that is used by some kind of service layer, it is likely going to be difficult to test and they will be slow to run. DI will motivate you to inject in a database dependency (via an interface) which you can then mock out with something you can control in your tests.
- Separate our concerns, decoupling where the data goes from how to generate it. If you ever feel like a method/function has too many responsibilities (generating data and writing to a db? handling HTTP requests and doing domain level logic?) DI is probably going to be the tool you need.
- Allow our code to be re-used in different contexts The first "new" context our code can be used in is inside tests. But further on if someone wants to try something new with your function they can inject their own dependencies.
Mocking will be covered in detail later (and it's not evil). You use mocking to replace real things you inject with a pretend version that you can control and inspect in your tests. In our case though, the standard library had something ready for us to use.
By having some familiarity with the io.Writer interface we are able to use bytes.Buffer in our test as our Writer and then we can use other Writers from the standard library to use our function in a command line app or in web server.
The more familiar you are with the standard library the more you'll see these general purpose interfaces which you can then re-use in your own code to make your software reusable in a number of contexts.
This example is heavily influenced by a chapter in The Go Programming language, so if you enjoyed this, go buy it!