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<h1> <a id="angular-2-纯-javascript-中文开发教程" class="anchor" href="#angular-2-%E7%BA%AF-javascript-%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91%E6%95%99%E7%A8%8B" aria-hidden="true"><span aria-hidden="true" class="octicon octicon-link"></span></a>Angular 2 纯 JavaScript 中文开发教程</h1>
<p><strong>Angular 为现代设计，拥抱未来。</strong></p>
<p><a href="doc/images/angular.png" target="_blank"><img src="doc/images/angular.png" alt="Angular logo" style="max-width:100%;" /></a></p>
<p>在吸收了当下最先进的思想和技术后， Angular 2 框架问世，这是一个新时代，完全颠覆挥别了 AngularJS 1 平台，名字也准确定义在 <strong>Angular</strong> 而不再是 AngularJS。<em>（后文 Angular 均指代 Angular 2.X 以上版本，AngularJS 指代 Angular 1.X）</em></p>
<p>Angular 2 带来了更先进的应用开发平台，它基于最新的 ES6 进行开发，提供移动优化，支持跨平台开发的能力，以 <code>Component</code> 组件而非 <code>DOM</code> 为核心，实现了突破性的速度与性能。包含了这一代的技术和思想顶峰。 </p>
<p>而 Angular 团队计划每六个月发布一个主要版本来跟进技术，与此同时官方承诺<em>“不会再做任何像升级到 Angular 2 一样会破坏软件生态系统的重大更改重，API 也将不会有重大更改”</em>，这是一个对未来技术的可靠预见。全新来过，Angular 2 是未来的先进可靠选择。</p>
<p>和之前不同，一个很大的变化是，Angular 主要使用 TypeScript 来开发，这一代官方目前的文档和案例都是以 TypeScript 语言为指导。</p>
<p>这让我想起来十几年以前使用 <code>JavaScript</code>，<code>JScript</code>，<code>VBScript</code> 在网页中写脚本的混乱年代；然后，几年以后<code>JavaScript</code> 成为互联网第一大语言，面向的方面和需要的功能越来越多，眼看一统江湖，语言的广泛使用却对应着标准实现的进展缓慢；再几年，<code>CoffeeScript</code>，<code>Dart</code>，<code>TypeScript</code> 又重新制造混乱…… 实则不过十几年，技术语言起起伏伏，分裂统一又分裂，最终为在技术面前仍像个孩子一样在探索的自己留下一些对混沌和秩序的冷静。</p>
<h2> <a id="关于-javascript-中文开发教程" class="anchor" href="#%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E-javascript-%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91%E6%95%99%E7%A8%8B" aria-hidden="true"><span aria-hidden="true" class="octicon octicon-link"></span></a>关于 JavaScript 中文开发教程</h2>
<p><strong>纯 JavaScript 版本的中文开发教程。</strong></p>
<p><a href="https://github.com/ushelp/Angular-for-javascript-turorial">https://github.com/ushelp/Angular-for-javascript-turorial</a></p>
<p>由于版本生态的颠覆，以及官方缺少系统的 JavaScript 语言的应用开发指导教程，对于使用 JavaScript 语言开发 Angular 应用程序的用户来说会遇到很多的困难和问题。</p>
<p><strong>这份教程是使用纯 JavaScript 来进行 Angular 开发指导，思想内容和步骤实现上都参考了官方教程，配套完整开发步骤和案例。力求从开发流程，组件定义，结构设计上不偏颇官方主旨，提供一个标准的 Angular 开发流程和项目结构。</strong></p>
<p>同时能够发现 Angular 跨平台的野心带来了更大的责任和挑战，Angular 团队在纯 JavaScript 上的测试用例还不够全面充分，开发者在使用纯 JavaScript 应用开发中有一些已经发现的 bug，可以借助笔者的经验教训去注意规避和解决。</p>
<p><strong>不是什么？</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><p>不是中文版的翻译，如寻求官方权威中文翻译，请访问官方中文网站：<a href="https://angular.cn%E3%80%82">https://angular.cn。</a></p></li>
<li><p>不是 API 和组件详细使用介绍文档，Angular 开发组件的基础知识和使用请移步官网。</p></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>是什么？</strong></p>
<ul>
<li> <p>是结合按步骤演进的开发案例，指导如何从零一步一步构建开发出一个纯 JavaScript 的 Angular 应用，包含完整的重构过程和理由，以及对应的源代码。</p> <p>为准备和正在 Angular 使用道路上的开发者或团队，在使用纯 JavaScript 进行 Angular 开发时，提供完整开发流程，组件定义，代码结构设计上的开发教程和经验。</p> </li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>欢迎交流讨论，转载请注明出处，商业用途需经许可。<a href="https://github.com/ushelp/Angular-for-javascript-turorial">https://github.com/ushelp/Angular-for-javascript-turorial</a></p>
</blockquote>
<h2> <a id="案例说明" class="anchor" href="#%E6%A1%88%E4%BE%8B%E8%AF%B4%E6%98%8E" aria-hidden="true"><span aria-hidden="true" class="octicon octicon-link"></span></a>案例说明</h2>
<p>案例演示了构建一个应用市场的程序，包括应用列表的管理和分类管理，支持应用即时搜索。</p>
<p>应用市场程序覆盖了 Angular 的核心原理。包含 <code>Module 模块</code>，<code>Component 组件</code>，<code>Template 模板</code>，<code>Directive 指令</code>，<code>Data binding 数据绑定</code>，<code>Event 事件处理</code>，<code>Service 服务</code>， <code>Router 路由</code>等 Angular 核心组件，以及 <code>From 表单验证</code>，<code>HTTP</code>，<code>Promise 承诺</code>， <code>Observable 可观察对象</code>等等 Angular 实用功能。</p>
<p><strong>在线演示：</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://easyproject.cn/angular-appstore">http://easyproject.cn/angular-appstore</a></p>
<p><a href="doc/images/demo-optimize.gif" target="_blank"><img src="doc/images/demo-optimize.gif" alt="Demp" style="max-width:100%;" /></a></p>
<p><strong>环境要求：</strong></p>
<p>Angular 需要使用 <code>NodeJS 4+</code> 和 <code>npm 3+</code> 来构建和初始化项目。</p>
<pre><code># node 4.X+
node -v
# npm 3.X+
npm –v
</code></pre>
<p><strong>运行案例：</strong></p>
<p>所有案例均按文档步骤分类，使用 <code>lite-server</code> 开发插件直接运行，<code>npm start</code> 即可查看。</p>
<p><a href="doc/images/example.png" target="_blank"><img src="doc/images/example.png" alt="Example" style="max-width:100%;" /></a></p>
<pre><code>cd step1-init
npm intall
npm start
</code></pre>
<h2> <a id="教程目录" class="anchor" href="#%E6%95%99%E7%A8%8B%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95" aria-hidden="true"><span aria-hidden="true" class="octicon octicon-link"></span></a>教程目录</h2>
<p><a href="#1-%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE" title="1. 初始化项目">1. 初始化项目</a></p>
<p><a href="#2-%E7%BB%84%E4%BB%B6%E5%92%8C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9D%97%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%AE%9A%E4%B9%89" title="2. 组件和模块信息定义">2. 组件和模块信息定义</a></p>
<p><a href="#3-%E7%B1%BB%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%8F%8A%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96" title="3. 类数据及模板初始化">3. 类数据及模板初始化</a></p>
<p><a href="#4-%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%BB%91%E5%AE%9A%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86" title="4. 数据绑定事件处理">4. 数据绑定事件处理</a></p>
<p><a href="#5-%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91" title="5. 服务开发">5. 服务开发</a></p>
<p><a href="#6-%E5%BC%82%E6%AD%A5%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E4%B8%8E%E6%89%BF%E8%AF%BA-promise" title="6. 异步服务与承诺 Promise">6. 异步服务与承诺 Promise</a></p>
<p><a href="#7-%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E6%9E%84%E5%BB%BA%E8%A7%86%E5%9B%BE%E5%AF%BC%E8%88%AA" title="7. 使用路由构建视图导航">7. 使用路由构建视图导航</a></p>
<p><a href="#8-http-%E4%BA%A4%E4%BA%92" title="8. HTTP 交互">8. HTTP 交互</a></p>
<p><a href="#9-%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E5%8F%AF%E8%A7%82%E5%AF%9F%E5%AF%B9%E8%B1%A1observable%E5%8D%B3%E5%88%BB%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2" title="9. 使用可观察对象(Observable)即刻搜索">9. 使用可观察对象(Observable)即刻搜索</a></p>
<p><a href="#10-%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91%E5%AE%9E%E6%88%98" title="10. 应用分类开发实战">10. 应用分类开发实战</a></p>
<h2> <a id="1-初始化项目" class="anchor" href="#1-%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE" aria-hidden="true"><span aria-hidden="true" class="octicon octicon-link"></span></a>1. 初始化项目</h2>
<p>实现代码：<code>step1-init</code></p>
<p><a href="doc/images/step1-demo.png" target="_blank"><img src="doc/images/step1-demo.png" alt="Example" style="max-width:100%;" /></a></p>
<h3> <a id="项目基础结构" class="anchor" href="#%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" aria-hidden="true"><span aria-hidden="true" class="octicon octicon-link"></span></a>项目基础结构</h3>
<p>一个 Angular 项目的基础必备结构包括:</p>
<ul>
<li> <code>index.html</code> 应用主页面</li>
<li> <code>app.module.js</code> 应用模块文件（<code>AppModule</code> 根模块）</li>
<li> <code>app.component.js</code> 应用组件文件（<code>AppComponent</code> 根组件）</li>
<li> <code>main.js</code> 应用引导启动文件</li>
<li> <code>package.json</code> 存储项目元数据，包依赖管理使用 npm</li>
<li> <code>bs-config.json</code> 配置 <code>lite-server</code> 运行信息。</li>
</ul>
<p>根据开发指导规范，请按以上命名规范名。</p>
<h3> <a id="模块化" class="anchor" href="#%E6%A8%A1%E5%9D%97%E5%8C%96" aria-hidden="true"><span aria-hidden="true" class="octicon octicon-link"></span></a>模块化</h3>
<p>Angular 应用都是模块化的，ES5 没有内置的模块化系统，可以使用第三方模块系统，然后我们为应用创建独立的命名空间 app，文件代码可以包裹在 <code>IIFE</code>（立即执行函数表达式）中：</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js">
<pre><span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">//</span> IIFE( Immediately-Invoked Function Expression )</span>
(<span class="pl-k">function</span>(<span class="pl-smi">app</span>) {
})(<span class="pl-c1">window</span>.<span class="pl-smi">app</span> <span class="pl-k">||</span> (<span class="pl-c1">window</span>.<span class="pl-smi">app</span> <span class="pl-k">=</span> {}));</pre>
</div>
<h3> <a id="项目搭建步骤" class="anchor" href="#%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E6%AD%A5%E9%AA%A4" aria-hidden="true"><span aria-hidden="true" class="octicon octicon-link"></span></a>项目搭建步骤</h3>
<ol>
<li> <p>搭建开发环境</p> <p><a href="doc/images/step1.png" target="_blank"><img src="doc/images/step1.png" alt="Example" style="max-width:100%;" /></a></p> </li>
<li> <p>配置项目元数据和服务器运行参数（<code>package.json</code>，<code>bs-config.json</code>）</p> <p><strong>package.json</strong>:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-json">
<pre>{
<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>name<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>: <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>angular-appstore<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>,
<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>version<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>: <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>1.0.0<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>,
<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>description<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>: <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span><span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>,
<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>license<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>: <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>MIT<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>,
<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>scripts<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>: {
<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>start<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>: <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>npm run lite<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>,
<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>lite<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>: <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>lite-server<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>
},
<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>dependencies<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>: {
<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>@angular/common<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>: <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>~2.4.7<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>,
<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>@angular/compiler<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>: <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>~2.4.7<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>,
<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>@angular/core<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>: <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>~2.4.7<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>,
<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>@angular/forms<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>: <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>~2.4.7<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>,
<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>@angular/http<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>: <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>~2.4.7<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>,
<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>@angular/platform-browser<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>: <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>~2.4.7<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>,
<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>@angular/platform-browser-dynamic<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>: <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>~2.4.7<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>,
<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>@angular/router<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>: <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>~3.4.7<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>,
<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>@angular/upgrade<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>: <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>~2.4.7<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>,
<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>angular-in-memory-web-api<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>: <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>~0.2.4<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>,
<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>core-js<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>: <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>^2.4.1<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>,
<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>rxjs<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>: <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>^5.1.1<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>,
<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>zone.js<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>: <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>^0.7.7<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>
},
<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>devDependencies<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>: {
<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>concurrently<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>: <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>^3.3.0<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>,
<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>lite-server<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>: <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>^2.2.2<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>
}
}</pre>
</div> <p><strong>bs-config.json</strong>:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-json">
<pre>{
<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>server<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>: {
<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>baseDir<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>: <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>src<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>,
<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>routes<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>: {
<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>/node_modules<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>: <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>node_modules<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>
}
}
}</pre>
</div> </li>
<li> <p>为 App 编写 Angular 根组件 AppComponent（<code>app.component.js</code>，<code>app.component.css</code> ）</p> <p><strong>Component 组件介绍</strong>：</p>
<ul>
<li>组件用于组合程序逻辑和 HTML 模板，把数据渲染到视图 (view)。Angular 使用 Component 组件而非 DOM，是借鉴了<code>虚拟 DOM</code>（ <code>vue.js</code>） 的思想，使得页面更新的速度提高。</li>
</ul> <p><strong>Component 组件定义语法</strong>：</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js">
<pre><span class="pl-smi">ng</span>.<span class="pl-smi">core</span>.<span class="pl-en">Component</span>({
<span class="pl-k">...</span>
}).<span class="pl-en">Class</span>({
<span class="pl-en">constructor</span><span class="pl-k">:</span><span class="pl-k">function</span>(){
}
<span class="pl-k">...</span>
});</pre>
</div> <p><strong>app.component.js</strong>:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js">
<pre>(<span class="pl-k">function</span>(<span class="pl-smi">app</span>) {
<span class="pl-smi">app</span>.<span class="pl-smi">AppComponent</span> <span class="pl-k">=</span> <span class="pl-smi">ng</span>.<span class="pl-smi">core</span>
.<span class="pl-en">Component</span>({
selector<span class="pl-k">:</span> <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">'</span>appstore-app<span class="pl-pds">'</span></span>,
template<span class="pl-k">:</span> <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">`</span></span>
<span class="pl-s"> <h1> {{title}} </h1></span>
<span class="pl-s"> <span class="pl-pds">`</span></span>,
styleUrls<span class="pl-k">:</span> [<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">'</span>app/app.component.css<span class="pl-pds">'</span></span>]
})
.<span class="pl-en">Class</span>({
<span class="pl-en">constructor</span><span class="pl-k">:</span> <span class="pl-k">function</span>() {
<span class="pl-c1">this</span>.<span class="pl-c1">title</span><span class="pl-k">=</span><span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>Angular App Store<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>;
}
});
})(<span class="pl-c1">window</span>.<span class="pl-smi">app</span> <span class="pl-k">||</span> (<span class="pl-c1">window</span>.<span class="pl-smi">app</span> <span class="pl-k">=</span> {}));</pre>
</div> <p><strong>app.component.css</strong>:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-css">
<pre><span class="pl-ent">h1</span>{<span class="pl-c1"><span class="pl-c1">text-align</span></span>: <span class="pl-c1">center</span>;}</pre>
</div> </li>
<li> <p>添加 Angular 根模块 AppModule（<code>app.module.js</code>）</p> <p><strong>Module 模块介绍</strong>：</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Angular apps 应用程序由 Angular Modules 模块组成，模块包含了组件和应用程序所需的一切信息。</p></li>
<li><p>模块如果需要什么东西，那就导入 (import) 它。</p></li>
<li><p>每个 Angular 应用都有一个根模块类。</p></li>
<li><p>对于组件很少的简单应用来说，只用一个根模块就足够了。 随着应用规模的增长，我们逐步从根模块中重构出一些特性模块，来代表一组相关功能的集合。 然后，在根模块中导入它们。</p></li>
</ul> <p><strong>Module 模块定义语法</strong>：</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js">
<pre><span class="pl-smi">ng</span>.<span class="pl-smi">core</span>.<span class="pl-en">NgModule</span>({
<span class="pl-k">...</span>
}).<span class="pl-en">Class</span>({
<span class="pl-en">constructor</span><span class="pl-k">:</span><span class="pl-k">function</span>(){
}
<span class="pl-k">...</span>
});</pre>
</div> <p><strong>app.module.js</strong>:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js">
<pre>(<span class="pl-k">function</span>(<span class="pl-smi">app</span>) {
<span class="pl-smi">app</span>.<span class="pl-smi">AppModule</span> <span class="pl-k">=</span>
<span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">//</span> 模块定义</span>
<span class="pl-smi">ng</span>.<span class="pl-smi">core</span>.<span class="pl-en">NgModule</span>({
imports<span class="pl-k">:</span> [ <span class="pl-smi">ng</span>.<span class="pl-smi">platformBrowser</span>.<span class="pl-smi">BrowserModule</span>, <span class="pl-smi">ng</span>.<span class="pl-c1">forms</span>.<span class="pl-smi">FormsModule</span> ],
declarations<span class="pl-k">:</span> [ <span class="pl-smi">app</span>.<span class="pl-smi">AppComponent</span> ], <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">//</span> 添加 HeroFormComponent</span>
bootstrap<span class="pl-k">:</span> [ <span class="pl-smi">app</span>.<span class="pl-smi">AppComponent</span>] <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">//</span> 根组件</span>
})
.<span class="pl-en">Class</span>({
<span class="pl-en">constructor</span><span class="pl-k">:</span> <span class="pl-k">function</span>() {
}
});
})(<span class="pl-c1">window</span>.<span class="pl-smi">app</span> <span class="pl-k">||</span> (<span class="pl-c1">window</span>.<span class="pl-smi">app</span> <span class="pl-k">=</span> {}));</pre>
</div> </li>
<li> <p>为主 Web 应用页面编写引导/启动文件（<code>main.js</code>）</p> <p><code>ng.core.enableProdMode();</code>：在产品发布时可以启用产品模式，禁用不必要的开发检测跟踪。</p> <p><strong>main.js</strong>:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js">
<pre>(<span class="pl-k">function</span>(<span class="pl-smi">app</span>) {
<span class="pl-c1">document</span>.<span class="pl-c1">addEventListener</span>(<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">'</span>DOMContentLoaded<span class="pl-pds">'</span></span>, <span class="pl-k">function</span>() {
<span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">//</span> 启用产品模式（ production mode）运行，禁用开发模式（development mod）</span>
<span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">//</span> ng.core.enableProdMode();</span>
<span class="pl-smi">ng</span>.<span class="pl-smi">platformBrowserDynamic</span>
.<span class="pl-en">platformBrowserDynamic</span>()
.<span class="pl-en">bootstrapModule</span>(<span class="pl-smi">app</span>.<span class="pl-smi">AppModule</span>); <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">//</span> 启动 AppModule</span>
});
})(<span class="pl-c1">window</span>.<span class="pl-smi">app</span> <span class="pl-k">||</span> (<span class="pl-c1">window</span>.<span class="pl-smi">app</span> <span class="pl-k">=</span> {}));</pre>
</div> </li>
<li> <p>编写 Web 应用主页面（<code>index.html</code>）</p> <p><strong>index.html</strong>:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-text-html-basic">
<pre><!doctype html>
<<span class="pl-ent">html</span>>
<<span class="pl-ent">head</span>>
<span class="pl-s1"> <<span class="pl-ent">script</span>><span class="pl-c1">document</span>.<span class="pl-c1">write</span>(<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">'</span><base href="<span class="pl-pds">'</span></span> <span class="pl-k">+</span> <span class="pl-c1">document</span>.<span class="pl-c1">location</span> <span class="pl-k">+</span> <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">'</span>" /><span class="pl-pds">'</span></span>);</<span class="pl-ent">script</span>></span>
<<span class="pl-ent">meta</span> <span class="pl-e">charset</span>=<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>utf-8<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span> />
<<span class="pl-ent">title</span>>Angular AppStore</<span class="pl-ent">title</span>>
<<span class="pl-ent">meta</span> <span class="pl-e">name</span>=<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>viewport<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span> <span class="pl-e">content</span>=<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>width=device-width, initial-scale=1<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>>
<span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c"><!--</span> CSS<span class="pl-c">--></span></span>
<<span class="pl-ent">link</span> <span class="pl-e">rel</span>=<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>stylesheet<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span> <span class="pl-e">href</span>=<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>css/bootstrap.min.css<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>>
<<span class="pl-ent">link</span> <span class="pl-e">rel</span>=<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>stylesheet<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span> <span class="pl-e">href</span>=<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>css/styles.css<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>>
<<span class="pl-ent">link</span> <span class="pl-e">rel</span>=<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>stylesheet<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span> <span class="pl-e">href</span>=<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>css/forms.css<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>>
<span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c"><!--</span> 1. Load libraries <span class="pl-c">--></span></span>
<span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c"><!--</span> IE required polyfill <span class="pl-c">--></span></span>
<span class="pl-s1"> <<span class="pl-ent">script</span> <span class="pl-e">src</span>=<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>node_modules/core-js/client/shim.min.js<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>></<span class="pl-ent">script</span>></span>
<span class="pl-s1"> <<span class="pl-ent">script</span> <span class="pl-e">src</span>=<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>node_modules/zone.js/dist/zone.js<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>></<span class="pl-ent">script</span>></span>
<span class="pl-s1"> <<span class="pl-ent">script</span> <span class="pl-e">src</span>=<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>node_modules/rxjs/bundles/Rx.js<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>></<span class="pl-ent">script</span>></span>
<span class="pl-s1"> <<span class="pl-ent">script</span> <span class="pl-e">src</span>=<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>node_modules/@angular/core/bundles/core.umd.js<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>></<span class="pl-ent">script</span>></span>
<span class="pl-s1"> <<span class="pl-ent">script</span> <span class="pl-e">src</span>=<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>node_modules/@angular/common/bundles/common.umd.js<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>></<span class="pl-ent">script</span>></span>
<span class="pl-s1"> <<span class="pl-ent">script</span> <span class="pl-e">src</span>=<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>node_modules/@angular/compiler/bundles/compiler.umd.js<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>></<span class="pl-ent">script</span>></span>
<span class="pl-s1"> <<span class="pl-ent">script</span> <span class="pl-e">src</span>=<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>node_modules/@angular/platform-browser/bundles/platform-browser.umd.js<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>></<span class="pl-ent">script</span>></span>
<span class="pl-s1"> <<span class="pl-ent">script</span> <span class="pl-e">src</span>=<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>node_modules/@angular/platform-browser-dynamic/bundles/platform-browser-dynamic.umd.js<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>></<span class="pl-ent">script</span>></span>
<span class="pl-s1"> <<span class="pl-ent">script</span> <span class="pl-e">src</span>=<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>node_modules/@angular/forms/bundles/forms.umd.min.js<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>></<span class="pl-ent">script</span>></span>
<span class="pl-s1"> <<span class="pl-ent">script</span> <span class="pl-e">src</span>=<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>node_modules/@angular/router/bundles/router.umd.min.js<span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>></<span class="pl-ent">script</span>></span>
<span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c"><!--</span> 2. Load our 'modules' <span class="pl-c">--></span></span>
<span class="pl-s1"> <<span class="pl-ent">script</span> <span class="pl-e">src</span>=<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">'</span>app/app.component.js<span class="pl-pds">'</span></span>></<span class="pl-ent">script</span>></span>
<span class="pl-s1"> <<span class="pl-ent">script</span> <span class="pl-e">src</span>=<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">'</span>app/app.module.js<span class="pl-pds">'</span></span>></<span class="pl-ent">script</span>> </span>
<span class="pl-s1"> <<span class="pl-ent">script</span> <span class="pl-e">src</span>=<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">'</span>main.js<span class="pl-pds">'</span></span>></<span class="pl-ent">script</span>></span>
</<span class="pl-ent">head</span>>
<span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c"><!--</span> 3. Display the application <span class="pl-c">--></span></span>
<<span class="pl-ent">body</span>>
<<span class="pl-ent">appstore</span><span class="pl-e">-app</span>>Loading...</<span class="pl-ent">appstore</span><span class="pl-e">-app</span>>
</<span class="pl-ent">body</span>>
</<span class="pl-ent">html</span>></pre>
</div> </li>
<li> <p>添加 CSS 样式（<code>bootstrap.min.css</code>，<code>forms.css</code>，<code>style.css</code>）</p> <p><strong>bootstrap.min.css</strong>:</p> <p>bootstrap CSS，从 <code>step1-init</code> 获取。你也可以选择自己喜欢的样式组件，Angular 并不限制对样式组件的使用，并能很好的和这些组件一起工作。</p> <p><strong>forms.css</strong>:</p> <p>定义带验证视觉效果的表单样式。</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-css">
<pre><span class="pl-e">.ng-valid</span>[<span class="pl-e">required</span>], <span class="pl-e">.ng-valid.required</span> {
<span class="pl-c1"><span class="pl-c1">border-left</span></span>: <span class="pl-c1">5<span class="pl-k">px</span></span> <span class="pl-c1">solid</span> <span class="pl-c1">#42A948</span>; <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">/*</span> green <span class="pl-c">*/</span></span>
}
<span class="pl-e">.ng-invalid</span><span class="pl-e">:not</span>(<span class="pl-ent">form</span>) {
<span class="pl-c1"><span class="pl-c1">border-left</span></span>: <span class="pl-c1">5<span class="pl-k">px</span></span> <span class="pl-c1">solid</span> <span class="pl-c1">#a94442</span>; <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">/*</span> red <span class="pl-c">*/</span></span>
}</pre>
</div> <p><strong>styles.css</strong>:</p> <p>通用样式。</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-css">
<pre><span class="pl-ent">h1</span> {
<span class="pl-c1"><span class="pl-c1">color</span></span>: <span class="pl-c1">#369</span>;
<span class="pl-c1"><span class="pl-c1">font-family</span></span>: <span class="pl-c1">Arial</span>, <span class="pl-c1">Helvetica</span>, <span class="pl-c1">sans-serif</span>;
<span class="pl-c1"><span class="pl-c1">font-size</span></span>: <span class="pl-c1">250<span class="pl-k">%</span></span>;
}
<span class="pl-ent">body</span> {
<span class="pl-c1"><span class="pl-c1">margin</span></span>: <span class="pl-c1">2<span class="pl-k">em</span></span>;
}</pre>
</div> </li>
</ol>
<h2> <a id="2-组件和模块信息定义" class="anchor" href="#2-%E7%BB%84%E4%BB%B6%E5%92%8C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9D%97%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%AE%9A%E4%B9%89" aria-hidden="true"><span aria-hidden="true" class="octicon octicon-link"></span></a>2. 组件和模块信息定义</h2>
<p>实现代码：<code>step2-components&modules</code></p>
<p><a href="doc/images/step2-demo.png" target="_blank"><img src="doc/images/step2-demo.png" alt="Example" style="max-width:100%;" /></a></p>
<p>为每个管理功能创建独立的<code>目录</code>和 <code>Module 模块</code>，有利于复杂应用的开发管理。</p>
<h3> <a id="开发指导规范" class="anchor" href="#%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91%E6%8C%87%E5%AF%BC%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83" aria-hidden="true"><span aria-hidden="true" class="octicon octicon-link"></span></a> 开发指导规范</h3>
<ul>
<li><p>职责单一原则，每个文件只定义一样东西，每个组件单独定义文件</p></li>
<li> <p>为应用中每个明显的具有多个伴随文件 (<code>.js</code>、<code>.html</code>何<code>.css</code>)的特性创建一个文件夹</p>
<ul>
<li>如 <code>app/application</code>，<code>app/application/application-detail</code> </li>
</ul> </li>
<li> <p>文件命名要求 <code>feature.type.extension</code></p>
<ul>
<li><p><code>feature 功能</code>：使用横杠来分隔多个单词</p></li>
<li><p><code>type 类型</code>：<code>component</code>, <code>service</code>, <code>module</code>, <code>directive</code>...</p></li>
<li><p><code>extension 扩展名</code>：<code>js</code>, <code>css</code>, <code>html</code>...</p></li>
<li><p>如：<code>application-detail.component.js</code></p></li>
</ul> </li>
<li> <p>把组件的模板和样式提取到它们自己的文件</p>
<ul>
<li><p><code>[component-name].component.html</code></p></li>
<li><p><code>[component-name].component.css</code></p></li>
</ul> </li>
<li> <p>类名称与文件名一致，并添加类型后缀</p>
<ul>
<li><p><code>ApplicationComponent</code>：application.component.js:</p></li>
<li><p><code>ApplicationModule</code>：application.module.js</p></li>
</ul> </li>
<li> <p>在组件中只包含与视图相关的逻辑，其它逻辑都应该放到 <code>Service</code> 服务中 </p>
<ul>
<li><code>[component-name].service.js</code></li>
</ul> </li>
<li> <p>使用中线 (<code>dashed</code>) 或烤串 (<code>kebab</code>) 命名法来命名组件中的元素选择器</p>
<ul>
<li>正确示例：selector: '<code>admin-users</code>'</li>
</ul> </li>
<li> <p>把组件当做元素，坚持通过选择器将组件直接定义为元素</p>
<ul>
<li>错误示例：selector: '<code>[admin-users]</code>',</li>
</ul> </li>
</ul>
<h3> <a id="组件和模块信息定义" class="anchor" href="#%E7%BB%84%E4%BB%B6%E5%92%8C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9D%97%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%AE%9A%E4%B9%89" aria-hidden="true"><span aria-hidden="true" class="octicon octicon-link"></span></a>组件和模块信息定义</h3>
<p><a href="doc/images/step2.png" target="_blank"><img src="doc/images/step2.png" alt="Example" style="max-width:100%;" /></a></p>
<p>定义应用管理功能的模块和组件文件:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>应用管理功能模块（<code>ApplicationModule</code>）</p></li>
<li><p>应用列表组件（<code>ApplicationsComponent</code>）</p></li>
<li><p>应用详情组件（<code>ApplicationDetailComponent</code>） </p></li>
</ul>
<p>为 <code>angular-appstore</code> 的应用管理功能创建一个专门的目录 <code>src/app/application</code>，存放应用管理功能的所有组件文件，并创建一个子目录 <code>src/app/application/application-detail</code> 存放应用详情组件。</p>
<h3> <a id="实现步骤" class="anchor" href="#%E5%AE%9E%E7%8E%B0%E6%AD%A5%E9%AA%A4" aria-hidden="true"><span aria-hidden="true" class="octicon octicon-link"></span></a>实现步骤</h3>
<ol>
<li> <p>定义应用组件 ApplicationsComponent（<code>applications.component.js</code>）和相关模板文件（<code>applications.component.html</code>）</p> <p><strong>applications.component.js</strong>:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js">
<pre>(<span class="pl-k">function</span>(<span class="pl-smi">app</span>) {
<span class="pl-smi">app</span>.<span class="pl-smi">ApplicationsComponent</span> <span class="pl-k">=</span> <span class="pl-smi">ng</span>.<span class="pl-smi">core</span>
.<span class="pl-en">Component</span>({
selector<span class="pl-k">:</span> <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">'</span>application-list<span class="pl-pds">'</span></span>,
templateUrl<span class="pl-k">:</span> <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">'</span>app/application/applications.component.html<span class="pl-pds">'</span></span>
})
.<span class="pl-en">Class</span>({
<span class="pl-en">constructor</span><span class="pl-k">:</span> <span class="pl-k">function</span>() {
}
});
})(<span class="pl-c1">window</span>.<span class="pl-smi">app</span> <span class="pl-k">||</span> (<span class="pl-c1">window</span>.<span class="pl-smi">app</span> <span class="pl-k">=</span> {}));</pre>
</div> <p><strong>applications.component.html</strong>:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-text-html-basic">
<pre>应用列表
...
<span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c"><!--</span> 在应用列表后此处渲染显示引用详情 <span class="pl-c">--></span></span>
<span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c"><!--</span> `ApplicationDetailComponent` 中的模板内容会渲染到 `selector` 选择器选择的标签中。将标签定义在 `ApplicationComponent` 中 <span class="pl-c">--></span></span>
<<span class="pl-ent">application</span><span class="pl-e">-detail</span>></<span class="pl-ent">application</span><span class="pl-e">-detail</span>></pre>
</div> </li>
<li> <p>定义应用详情组件 ApplicationDetailComponent（<code>application-detail.component.js</code>）和相关模板文件（<code>application-detail.component.html</code>）</p> <p><strong>application-detail.component.js</strong>：</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js">
<pre>(<span class="pl-k">function</span>(<span class="pl-smi">app</span>) {
<span class="pl-smi">app</span>.<span class="pl-smi">ApplicationDetailComponent</span> <span class="pl-k">=</span> <span class="pl-smi">ng</span>.<span class="pl-smi">core</span>
.<span class="pl-en">Component</span>({
selector<span class="pl-k">:</span> <span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">'</span>application-detail<span class="pl-pds">'</span></span>,
templateUrl<span class="pl-k">:</span><span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">'</span>app/application/application-detail/application-detail.component.html<span class="pl-pds">'</span></span>
})
.<span class="pl-en">Class</span>({
<span class="pl-en">constructor</span><span class="pl-k">:</span> <span class="pl-k">function</span>() {
}
});
})(<span class="pl-c1">window</span>.<span class="pl-smi">app</span> <span class="pl-k">||</span> (<span class="pl-c1">window</span>.<span class="pl-smi">app</span> <span class="pl-k">=</span> {}));</pre>
</div> <p><strong>application-detail.component.html</strong>：</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-text-html-basic">
<pre>应用详情
...</pre>
</div> </li>
<li> <p>在 AppComponent 中定义组件显示标签</p> <p><code>ApplicationsComponent</code> 中的模板内容会渲染到 <code>selector</code> 选择器选择的标签中。将标签定义在 <code>AppComponent</code> 中。</p> <p><strong>app.component.js</strong>：</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-js">