diff --git a/src/handlers/http/query.rs b/src/handlers/http/query.rs
index 7d9c33a45..51cde9332 100644
--- a/src/handlers/http/query.rs
+++ b/src/handlers/http/query.rs
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 use actix_web::http::header::ContentType;
 use actix_web::web::{self, Json};
 use actix_web::{FromRequest, HttpRequest, HttpResponse, Responder};
+use arrow_schema::ArrowError;
 use chrono::{DateTime, Utc};
 use datafusion::common::tree_node::TreeNode;
 use datafusion::error::DataFusionError;
@@ -31,7 +32,7 @@ use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::pin::Pin;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::Instant;
-use tracing::error;
+use tracing::{debug, error};
 
 use crate::event::error::EventError;
 use crate::handlers::http::fetch_schema;
@@ -101,7 +102,7 @@ pub async fn query(req: HttpRequest, query_request: Query) -> Result<HttpRespons
 
     user_auth_for_query(&permissions, &tables)?;
 
-    let time = Instant::now();
+    let start = Instant::now();
     // Intercept `count(*)`` queries and use the counts API
     if let Some(column_name) = query.is_logical_plan_count_without_filters() {
         let counts_req = CountsRequest {
@@ -122,12 +123,13 @@ pub async fn query(req: HttpRequest, query_request: Query) -> Result<HttpRespons
             Value::Array(vec![json!({column_name: count})])
         };
 
-        let time = time.elapsed().as_secs_f64();
-
+        let time = start.elapsed().as_secs_f64();
         QUERY_EXECUTE_TIME
             .with_label_values(&[&table_name])
             .observe(time);
 
+        debug!("Query results returned in {time}s");
+
         return Ok(HttpResponse::Ok().json(response));
     }
 
@@ -139,15 +141,16 @@ pub async fn query(req: HttpRequest, query_request: Query) -> Result<HttpRespons
         fill_null: query_request.send_null,
         with_fields: query_request.fields,
     }
-    .to_http()?;
-
-    let time = time.elapsed().as_secs_f64();
+    .to_json()?;
 
+    let time = start.elapsed().as_secs_f64();
     QUERY_EXECUTE_TIME
         .with_label_values(&[&table_name])
         .observe(time);
 
-    Ok(response)
+    debug!("Query results returned in {time}s");
+
+    Ok(HttpResponse::Ok().json(response))
 }
 
 pub async fn get_counts(
@@ -309,16 +312,14 @@ pub enum QueryError {
     EventError(#[from] EventError),
     #[error("Error: {0}")]
     MalformedQuery(&'static str),
-    #[allow(unused)]
-    #[error(
-        r#"Error: Failed to Parse Record Batch into Json
-Description: {0}"#
-    )]
-    JsonParse(String),
     #[error("Error: {0}")]
     ActixError(#[from] actix_web::Error),
     #[error("Error: {0}")]
     Anyhow(#[from] anyhow::Error),
+    #[error("Arrow Error: {0}")]
+    Arrow(#[from] ArrowError),
+    #[error("Error: Failed to Parse Record Batch into Json: {0}")]
+    Json(#[from] serde_json::Error),
     #[error("Error: {0}")]
     StreamNotFound(#[from] StreamNotFound),
 }
@@ -326,7 +327,9 @@ Description: {0}"#
 impl actix_web::ResponseError for QueryError {
     fn status_code(&self) -> http::StatusCode {
         match self {
-            QueryError::Execute(_) | QueryError::JsonParse(_) => StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
+            QueryError::Execute(_) | QueryError::Json(_) | QueryError::Arrow(_) => {
+                StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR
+            }
             _ => StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST,
         }
     }
diff --git a/src/response.rs b/src/response.rs
index fe3159f71..478e12d46 100644
--- a/src/response.rs
+++ b/src/response.rs
@@ -17,11 +17,8 @@
  */
 
 use crate::{handlers::http::query::QueryError, utils::arrow::record_batches_to_json};
-use actix_web::HttpResponse;
 use datafusion::arrow::record_batch::RecordBatch;
-use itertools::Itertools;
-use serde_json::{json, Value};
-use tracing::info;
+use serde_json::{json, Map, Value};
 
 pub struct QueryResponse {
     pub records: Vec<RecordBatch>,
@@ -31,30 +28,185 @@ pub struct QueryResponse {
 }
 
 impl QueryResponse {
-    pub fn to_http(&self) -> Result<HttpResponse, QueryError> {
-        info!("{}", "Returning query results");
-        let mut json_records = record_batches_to_json(&self.records)?;
+    /// TODO: maybe this can be futher optimized by directly converting `arrow` to `serde_json` instead of serializing to bytes
+    pub fn to_json(&self) -> Result<Value, QueryError> {
+        let mut json: Vec<Map<String, Value>> = record_batches_to_json(&self.records)?;
 
         if self.fill_null {
-            for map in &mut json_records {
-                for field in &self.fields {
-                    if !map.contains_key(field) {
-                        map.insert(field.clone(), Value::Null);
-                    }
+            for object in json.iter_mut() {
+                for field in self.fields.iter() {
+                    object.entry(field).or_insert(Value::Null);
                 }
             }
         }
-        let values = json_records.into_iter().map(Value::Object).collect_vec();
 
-        let response = if self.with_fields {
+        let json = if self.with_fields {
             json!({
                 "fields": self.fields,
-                "records": values
+                "records": json
             })
         } else {
-            Value::Array(values)
+            json!(json)
         };
 
-        Ok(HttpResponse::Ok().json(response))
+        Ok(json)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use std::sync::Arc;
+
+    use arrow_array::{Array, Float64Array, Int64Array, RecordBatch, StringArray};
+    use arrow_schema::Schema;
+    use serde_json::{json, Value};
+
+    use crate::response::QueryResponse;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn check_empty_record_batches_to_json() {
+        let response = QueryResponse {
+            records: vec![RecordBatch::new_empty(Arc::new(Schema::empty()))],
+            fields: vec![],
+            fill_null: false,
+            with_fields: false,
+        };
+
+        assert_eq!(response.to_json().unwrap(), Value::Array(vec![]));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn check_record_batches_to_json() {
+        let array1: Arc<dyn Array> = Arc::new(Int64Array::from_iter(0..3));
+        let array2: Arc<dyn Array> = Arc::new(Float64Array::from_iter((0..3).map(|x| x as f64)));
+        let array3: Arc<dyn Array> = Arc::new(StringArray::from_iter(
+            (0..3).map(|x| Some(format!("str {x}"))),
+        ));
+
+        let record = RecordBatch::try_from_iter_with_nullable([
+            ("a", array1, true),
+            ("b", array2, true),
+            ("c", array3, true),
+        ])
+        .unwrap();
+        let response = QueryResponse {
+            records: vec![record],
+            fields: vec!["a".to_owned(), "b".to_owned(), "c".to_owned()],
+            fill_null: false,
+            with_fields: false,
+        };
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            response.to_json().unwrap(),
+            json!([
+                {"a": 0, "b": 0.0, "c": "str 0"},
+                {"a": 1, "b": 1.0, "c": "str 1"},
+                {"a": 2, "b": 2.0, "c": "str 2"}
+            ])
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn check_record_batches_to_json_with_fields() {
+        let array1: Arc<dyn Array> = Arc::new(Int64Array::from_iter(0..3));
+        let array2: Arc<dyn Array> = Arc::new(Float64Array::from_iter((0..3).map(|x| x as f64)));
+        let array3: Arc<dyn Array> = Arc::new(StringArray::from_iter(
+            (0..3).map(|x| Some(format!("str {x}"))),
+        ));
+
+        let record = RecordBatch::try_from_iter_with_nullable([
+            ("a", array1, true),
+            ("b", array2, true),
+            ("c", array3, true),
+        ])
+        .unwrap();
+        let response = QueryResponse {
+            records: vec![record],
+            fields: vec!["a".to_owned(), "b".to_owned(), "c".to_owned()],
+            fill_null: false,
+            with_fields: true,
+        };
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            response.to_json().unwrap(),
+            json!({
+                "fields": ["a", "b", "c"],
+                "records": [
+                    {"a": 0, "b": 0.0, "c": "str 0"},
+                    {"a": 1, "b": 1.0, "c": "str 1"},
+                    {"a": 2, "b": 2.0, "c": "str 2"}
+                ]
+            })
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn check_record_batches_to_json_without_nulls() {
+        let array1: Arc<dyn Array> = Arc::new(Int64Array::from_iter(0..3));
+        let array2: Arc<dyn Array> = Arc::new(Float64Array::from_iter((0..3).map(|x| x as f64)));
+        let array3: Arc<dyn Array> = Arc::new(StringArray::from_iter((0..3).map(|x| {
+            if x == 1 {
+                Some(format!("str {x}"))
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })));
+
+        let record = RecordBatch::try_from_iter_with_nullable([
+            ("a", array1, true),
+            ("b", array2, true),
+            ("c", array3, true),
+        ])
+        .unwrap();
+        let response = QueryResponse {
+            records: vec![record],
+            fields: vec!["a".to_owned(), "b".to_owned(), "c".to_owned()],
+            fill_null: false,
+            with_fields: false,
+        };
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            response.to_json().unwrap(),
+            json!([
+                {"a": 0, "b": 0.0},
+                {"a": 1, "b": 1.0, "c": "str 1"},
+                {"a": 2, "b": 2.0}
+            ])
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn check_record_batches_to_json_with_nulls() {
+        let array1: Arc<dyn Array> = Arc::new(Int64Array::from_iter(0..3));
+        let array2: Arc<dyn Array> = Arc::new(Float64Array::from_iter((0..3).map(|x| x as f64)));
+        let array3: Arc<dyn Array> = Arc::new(StringArray::from_iter((0..3).map(|x| {
+            if x == 1 {
+                Some(format!("str {x}"))
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })));
+
+        let record = RecordBatch::try_from_iter_with_nullable([
+            ("a", array1, true),
+            ("b", array2, true),
+            ("c", array3, true),
+        ])
+        .unwrap();
+        let response = QueryResponse {
+            records: vec![record],
+            fields: vec!["a".to_owned(), "b".to_owned(), "c".to_owned()],
+            fill_null: true,
+            with_fields: false,
+        };
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            response.to_json().unwrap(),
+            json!([
+                {"a": 0, "b": 0.0, "c": null},
+                {"a": 1, "b": 1.0, "c": "str 1"},
+                {"a": 2, "b": 2.0, "c": null}
+            ])
+        );
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/utils/arrow/mod.rs b/src/utils/arrow/mod.rs
index e29762047..2b85bc87f 100644
--- a/src/utils/arrow/mod.rs
+++ b/src/utils/arrow/mod.rs
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use arrow_array::{Array, RecordBatch, TimestampMillisecondArray, UInt64Array};
-use arrow_schema::Schema;
+use arrow_schema::{ArrowError, Schema};
 use arrow_select::take::take;
 use chrono::{DateTime, Utc};
 use itertools::Itertools;
@@ -51,7 +51,6 @@ use itertools::Itertools;
 pub mod batch_adapter;
 pub mod flight;
 
-use anyhow::Result;
 pub use batch_adapter::adapt_batch;
 use serde_json::{Map, Value};
 
@@ -90,7 +89,9 @@ pub fn replace_columns(
 /// * Result<Vec<Map<String, Value>>>
 ///
 /// A vector of JSON objects representing the record batches.
-pub fn record_batches_to_json(records: &[RecordBatch]) -> Result<Vec<Map<String, Value>>> {
+pub fn record_batches_to_json(
+    records: &[RecordBatch],
+) -> Result<Vec<Map<String, Value>>, ArrowError> {
     let buf = vec![];
     let mut writer = arrow_json::ArrayWriter::new(buf);
     for record in records {