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<p> <strong>前提准备：</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>MATLAB</li>
</ol>
<hr>
<h1 id="二-快速入门（一）"><a href="#二-快速入门（一）" class="headerlink" title="二. 快速入门（一）"></a><code>二. 快速入门（一）</code></h1><h2 id="1-桌面基础知识"><a href="#1-桌面基础知识" class="headerlink" title="1. 桌面基础知识"></a>1. <strong>桌面基础知识</strong></h2><p><img src="https://testingcf.jsdelivr.net/gh/magic-H728/Store@master/blog-img/202207211048297.png" alt="image-20220721104809178"></p>
<p>启动 MATLAB® 时，桌面会以默认布局显示。</p>
<p>桌面包括下列面板：</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>当前文件夹</strong> - 访问您的文件。</li>
<li><strong>命令行窗口</strong> - 在命令行中输入命令（由提示符 (<code>>></code>) 表示）。</li>
<li><strong>工作区</strong> - 浏览您创建或从文件导入的数据。</li>
</ul>
<p>使用 MATLAB 时，可发出创建变量和调用函数的命令。例如，通过在命令行中键入以下语句来创建名为 <code>a</code> 的变量：</p>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">a = <span class="number">1</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>MATLAB 将变量 <code>a</code> 添加到工作区，并在命令行窗口中显示结果。</p>
<p><strong><code>a = 1</code></strong></p>
<p>创建更多变量。</p>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">b = <span class="number">2</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><strong><code>b=2</code></strong></p>
<figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">c = a + b</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><strong><code>c = 3</code></strong></p>
<figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">d = cos(a)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><strong><code>d = 0.5403</code></strong></p>
<p>如果未指定输出变量，MATLAB 将使用变量 <code>ans</code>（<em>answer</em> 的缩略形式）来存储计算结果。</p>
<figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">sin(a)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><strong><code>ans =0.8415</code></strong></p>
<p>如果语句以分号结束，MATLAB 会执行计算，但不在命令行窗口中显示输出。</p>
<figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">e = a*b;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>按向上 (↑) 和向下箭头键 (↓) 可以重新调用以前的命令。在空白命令行中或在键入命令的前几个字符之后按箭头键。例如，要重新调用命令 <code>b = 2</code>，请键入 <code>b</code>，然后按向上箭头键。</p>
<h2 id="2-矩阵和数组"><a href="#2-矩阵和数组" class="headerlink" title="2. 矩阵和数组"></a>2. 矩阵和数组</h2><p><em>MATLAB</em> 是“matrix laboratory”的缩写形式。MATLAB® 主要用于处理整个的矩阵和数组，而其他编程语言大多逐个处理数值。</p>
<p>所有 MATLAB 变量都是多维<em>数组</em>，与数据类型无关。<em>矩阵</em>是指通常用来进行线性代数运算的二维数组。</p>
<h3 id="数组创建"><a href="#数组创建" class="headerlink" title="数组创建"></a>数组创建</h3><p><img src="https://testingcf.jsdelivr.net/gh/magic-H728/Store@master/blog-img/202207211104519.png" alt="image-20220721110444379"></p>
<p>要创建每行包含四个元素的数组，请使用逗号 (<code>,</code>) 或空格分隔各元素。</p>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">a = [<span class="number">1</span> <span class="number">2</span> <span class="number">3</span> <span class="number">4</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">a = <span class="number">1</span>×<span class="number">4</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">1</span> <span class="number">2</span> <span class="number">3</span> <span class="number">4</span>`</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>这种数组为<em>行向量</em>。</p>
<p>要创建包含多行的矩阵，请使用分号分隔各行。</p>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">a = [<span class="number">1</span> <span class="number">3</span> <span class="number">5</span>; <span class="number">2</span> <span class="number">4</span> <span class="number">6</span>; <span class="number">7</span> <span class="number">8</span> <span class="number">10</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">a = <span class="number">3</span>×<span class="number">3</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">1</span> <span class="number">3</span> <span class="number">5</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">2</span> <span class="number">4</span> <span class="number">6</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">7</span> <span class="number">8</span> <span class="number">10</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>创建矩阵的另一种方法是使用 <code>ones</code>、<code>zeros</code> 或 <code>rand</code> 等函数。例如，创建一个由零组成的 5×1 列向量。</p>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">z = <span class="built_in">zeros</span>(<span class="number">5</span>,<span class="number">1</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">z = <span class="number">5</span>×<span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">0</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="矩阵和数组运算"><a href="#矩阵和数组运算" class="headerlink" title="矩阵和数组运算"></a>矩阵和数组运算</h3><p><img src="https://testingcf.jsdelivr.net/gh/magic-H728/Store@master/blog-img/202207211106645.png" alt="image-20220721110648518"></p>
<p><img src="https://testingcf.jsdelivr.net/gh/magic-H728/Store@master/blog-img/202207211107646.png" alt="image-20220721110706514"></p>
<p><img src="https://testingcf.jsdelivr.net/gh/magic-H728/Store@master/blog-img/202207211107559.png" alt="image-20220721110717444"></p>
<p>MATLAB 允许您使用单一的算术运算符或函数来处理矩阵中的所有值。</p>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">a + <span class="number">10</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">ans</span> = <span class="number">3</span>×<span class="number">3</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">11</span> <span class="number">13</span> <span class="number">15</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">12</span> <span class="number">14</span> <span class="number">16</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">17</span> <span class="number">18</span> <span class="number">20</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">sin</span>(a)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">ans</span> = <span class="number">3</span>×<span class="number">3</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">0.8415</span> <span class="number">0.1411</span> <span class="number">-0.9589</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">0.9093</span> <span class="number">-0.7568</span> <span class="number">-0.2794</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">0.6570</span> <span class="number">0.9894</span> <span class="number">-0.5440</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>要转置矩阵，请使用单引号 (<code>'</code>)：</p>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">a'</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">ans</span> = <span class="number">3</span>×<span class="number">3</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">1</span> <span class="number">2</span> <span class="number">7</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">3</span> <span class="number">4</span> <span class="number">8</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">5</span> <span class="number">6</span> <span class="number">10</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>您可以使用 <code>*</code> 运算符执行标准矩阵乘法，这将计算行与列之间的内积。例如，确认矩阵乘以其逆矩阵可返回单位矩阵：</p>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">p = a*inv(a)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">p = <span class="number">3</span>×<span class="number">3</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">1.0000</span> <span class="number">0</span> <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">0</span> <span class="number">1.0000</span> <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">0</span> <span class="number">-0.0000</span> <span class="number">1.0000</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>请注意，<code>p</code> 不是整数值矩阵。MATLAB 将数字存储为浮点值，算术运算可以区分实际值与其浮点表示之间的细微差别。使用 <code>format</code> 命令可以显示更多小数位数：</p>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">format long</span><br><span class="line">p = a*inv(a)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">p = <span class="number">3</span>×<span class="number">3</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">1.0000</span> <span class="number">0</span> <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">0</span> <span class="number">1.0000</span> <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">0</span> <span class="number">-0.0000</span> <span class="number">1.0000</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>使用以下命令将显示内容重置为更短格式</p>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">format short</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><code>format</code> 仅影响数字显示，而不影响 MATLAB 对数字的计算或保存方式。</p>
<p>要执行元素级乘法（而非矩阵乘法），请使用 <code>.*</code> 运算符：</p>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">p = a.*a</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">p = <span class="number">3</span>×<span class="number">3</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">1</span> <span class="number">9</span> <span class="number">25</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">4</span> <span class="number">16</span> <span class="number">36</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">49</span> <span class="number">64</span> <span class="number">100</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>乘法、除法和幂的矩阵运算符分别具有执行元素级运算的对应数组运算符。例如，计算 <code>a</code> 的各个元素的三次方：</p>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">a.^<span class="number">3</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">ans</span> = <span class="number">3</span>×<span class="number">3</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">1</span> <span class="number">27</span> <span class="number">125</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">8</span> <span class="number">64</span> <span class="number">216</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">343</span> <span class="number">512</span> <span class="number">1000</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="串联"><a href="#串联" class="headerlink" title="串联"></a>串联</h3><p><img src="https://testingcf.jsdelivr.net/gh/magic-H728/Store@master/blog-img/202207211107242.png" alt="image-20220721110745118"></p>
<p><em>串联</em>是连接数组以便形成更大数组的过程。实际上，第一个数组是通过将其各个元素串联起来而构成的。成对的方括号 <code>[]</code> 即为串联运算符。</p>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">A = [a,a]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">A = <span class="number">3</span>×<span class="number">6</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">1</span> <span class="number">3</span> <span class="number">5</span> <span class="number">1</span> <span class="number">3</span> <span class="number">5</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">2</span> <span class="number">4</span> <span class="number">6</span> <span class="number">2</span> <span class="number">4</span> <span class="number">6</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">7</span> <span class="number">8</span> <span class="number">10</span> <span class="number">7</span> <span class="number">8</span> <span class="number">10</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>使用逗号将彼此相邻的数组串联起来称为<em>水平</em>串联。每个数组必须具有相同的行数。同样，如果各数组具有相同的列数，则可以使用分号<em>垂直</em>串联。</p>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">A = [a; a]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">A = <span class="number">6</span>×<span class="number">3</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">1</span> <span class="number">3</span> <span class="number">5</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">2</span> <span class="number">4</span> <span class="number">6</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">7</span> <span class="number">8</span> <span class="number">10</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">1</span> <span class="number">3</span> <span class="number">5</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">2</span> <span class="number">4</span> <span class="number">6</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">7</span> <span class="number">8</span> <span class="number">10</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="复数"><a href="#复数" class="headerlink" title="复数"></a>复数</h3><p><img src="https://testingcf.jsdelivr.net/gh/magic-H728/Store@master/blog-img/202207211108550.png" alt="image-20220721110820417"></p>
<p>复数包含实部和虚部，虚数单位是 <code>-1</code> 的平方根。</p>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">sqrt</span>(<span class="number">-1</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">ans</span> = <span class="number">0.0000</span> + <span class="number">1.0000</span><span class="built_in">i</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>要表示复数的虚部，请使用 <code>i</code> 或 <code>j</code>。</p>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">c = [<span class="number">3</span>+<span class="number">4</span><span class="built_in">i</span>, <span class="number">4</span>+<span class="number">3</span><span class="built_in">j</span>; -<span class="built_in">i</span>, <span class="number">10</span><span class="built_in">j</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">c = <span class="number">2</span>×<span class="number">2</span> <span class="built_in">complex</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">3.0000</span> + <span class="number">4.0000</span><span class="built_in">i</span> <span class="number">4.0000</span> + <span class="number">3.0000</span><span class="built_in">i</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">0.0000</span> - <span class="number">1.0000</span><span class="built_in">i</span> <span class="number">0.0000</span> +<span class="number">10.0000</span><span class="built_in">i</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="3-数组索引"><a href="#3-数组索引" class="headerlink" title="3. 数组索引"></a>3. 数组索引</h2><p><img src="https://testingcf.jsdelivr.net/gh/magic-H728/Store@master/blog-img/202207211118701.png" alt="image-20220721111813569"></p>
<p><img src="https://testingcf.jsdelivr.net/gh/magic-H728/Store@master/blog-img/202207211118513.png" alt="image-20220721111831381"></p>
<p>MATLAB® 中的每个变量都是一个可包含许多数字的数组。如果要访问数组的选定元素，请使用索引。</p>
<p>例如，假设有 4×4 矩阵 <code>A</code>：</p>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">A = [<span class="number">1</span> <span class="number">2</span> <span class="number">3</span> <span class="number">4</span>; <span class="number">5</span> <span class="number">6</span> <span class="number">7</span> <span class="number">8</span>; <span class="number">9</span> <span class="number">10</span> <span class="number">11</span> <span class="number">12</span>; <span class="number">13</span> <span class="number">14</span> <span class="number">15</span> <span class="number">16</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">A = <span class="number">4</span>×<span class="number">4</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">1</span> <span class="number">2</span> <span class="number">3</span> <span class="number">4</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">5</span> <span class="number">6</span> <span class="number">7</span> <span class="number">8</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">9</span> <span class="number">10</span> <span class="number">11</span> <span class="number">12</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">13</span> <span class="number">14</span> <span class="number">15</span> <span class="number">16</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>引用数组中的特定元素有两种方法。最常见的方法是指定行和列下标，例如</p>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">A(<span class="number">4</span>,<span class="number">2</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">ans</span> = <span class="number">14</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>另一种方法不太常用，但有时非常有用，即使用单一下标按顺序向下遍历每一列：</p>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">A(<span class="number">8</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">ans</span> = <span class="number">14</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>使用单一下标引用数组中特定元素的方法称为<em>线性索引</em>。</p>
<p>如果尝试在赋值语句右侧引用数组外部元素，MATLAB 会引发错误。</p>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">test = A(<span class="number">4</span>,<span class="number">5</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Index in position <span class="number">2</span> exceeds array bounds (must not exceed <span class="number">4</span>).</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>不过，您可以在赋值语句左侧指定当前维外部的元素。数组大小会增大以便容纳新元素。</p>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">A(<span class="number">4</span>,<span class="number">5</span>) = <span class="number">17</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">A = <span class="number">4</span>×<span class="number">5</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">1</span> <span class="number">2</span> <span class="number">3</span> <span class="number">4</span> <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">5</span> <span class="number">6</span> <span class="number">7</span> <span class="number">8</span> <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">9</span> <span class="number">10</span> <span class="number">11</span> <span class="number">12</span> <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">13</span> <span class="number">14</span> <span class="number">15</span> <span class="number">16</span> <span class="number">17</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>要引用多个数组元素，请使用冒号运算符，这使您可以指定一个格式为 <code>start:end</code> 的范围。例如，列出 <code>A</code> 前三行及第二列中的元素：</p>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">A(<span class="number">1</span>:<span class="number">3</span>,<span class="number">2</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">ans</span> = <span class="number">3</span>×<span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">2</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">6</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">10</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>单独的冒号（没有起始值或结束值）指定该维中的所有元素。例如，选择 <code>A</code> 第三行中的所有列：</p>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">A(<span class="number">3</span>,:)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">ans</span> = <span class="number">1</span>×<span class="number">5</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">9</span> <span class="number">10</span> <span class="number">11</span> <span class="number">12</span> <span class="number">0</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>此外，冒号运算符还允许您使用较通用的格式 <code>start:step:end</code> 创建等间距向量值。</p>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">B = <span class="number">0</span>:<span class="number">10</span>:<span class="number">100</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">B = <span class="number">1</span>×<span class="number">11</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="number">0</span> <span class="number">10</span> <span class="number">20</span> <span class="number">30</span> <span class="number">40</span> <span class="number">50</span> <span class="number">60</span> <span class="number">70</span> <span class="number">80</span> <span class="number">90</span> <span class="number">100</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>如果省略中间的步骤（如 <code>start:end</code> 中），MATLAB 会使用默认步长值 <code>1</code>。</p>
<h2 id="4-工作区变量"><a href="#4-工作区变量" class="headerlink" title="4. 工作区变量"></a>4. 工作区变量</h2><p><img src="https://testingcf.jsdelivr.net/gh/magic-H728/Store@master/blog-img/202207211122452.png" alt="image-20220721112220322"></p>
<p><em>工作区</em>包含在 MATLAB® 中创建或从数据文件或其他程序导入的变量。例如，下列语句在工作区中创建变量 <code>A</code> 和 <code>B</code>。</p>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">A = <span class="built_in">magic</span>(<span class="number">4</span>);</span><br><span class="line">B = <span class="built_in">rand</span>(<span class="number">3</span>,<span class="number">5</span>,<span class="number">2</span>);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>使用 <code>whos</code> 可以查看工作区的内容。</p>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">whos</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Name Size Bytes Class Attributes</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">A <span class="number">4</span>x4 <span class="number">128</span> double </span><br><span class="line">B <span class="number">3</span>x5x2 <span class="number">240</span> double </span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>此外，桌面上的“工作区”窗格也会显示变量。</p>
<p><img src="https://testingcf.jsdelivr.net/gh/magic-H728/Store@master/blog-img/202207211119347.png" alt="The pane has a row for each variable. The columns are Name, Value, Min, and Max. Value includes size and class."></p>
<p>退出 MATLAB 后，工作区变量不会保留。使用 <code>save</code> 命令保存数据以供将来使用，</p>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">save myfile.mat</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>通过保存，系统会使用 <code>.mat</code> 扩展名将工作区保存在当前工作文件夹中一个名为 MAT 文件的压缩文件中。</p>
<p>要清除工作区中的所有变量，请使用 <code>clear</code> 命令。</p>
<p>使用 <code>load</code> 将 MAT 文件中的数据还原到工作区。</p>
<figure class="highlight matlab"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">load myfile.mat</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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