Merge branch 'master' of https://github.com/javascript-tutorial/lt.javascript.info

Author: zaicevas

1-js/02-first-steps/15-function-expressions-arrows/article.md 1-js/02-first-steps/15-function-expressions/article.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# Function expressions and arrows
+# Function expressions
 
 In JavaScript, a function is not a "magical language structure", but a special kind of value.
 
@@ -355,107 +355,6 @@ That's also better for readability, as it's easier to look up `function f(…) {
 ...But if a Function Declaration does not suit us for some reason, or we need a conditional declaration (we've just seen an example), then Function Expression should be used.
 ```
 
-
-## Arrow functions [#arrow-functions]
-
-There's one more very simple and concise syntax for creating functions, that's often better than Function Expressions. It's called "arrow functions", because it looks like this:
-
-
-```js
-let func = (arg1, arg2, ...argN) => expression
-```
-
-...This creates a function `func` that has arguments `arg1..argN`, evaluates the `expression` on the right side with their use and returns its result.
-
-In other words, it's roughly the same as:
-
-```js
-let func = function(arg1, arg2, ...argN) {
-  return expression;
-};
-```
-
-...But much more concise.
-
-Let's see an example:
-
-```js run
-let sum = (a, b) => a + b;
-
-/* The arrow function is a shorter form of:
-
-let sum = function(a, b) {
-  return a + b;
-};
-*/
-
-alert( sum(1, 2) ); // 3
-
-```
-
-If we have only one argument, then parentheses around parameters can be omitted, making that even shorter:
-
-```js run
-// same as
-// let double = function(n) { return n * 2 }
-*!*
-let double = n => n * 2;
-*/!*
-
-alert( double(3) ); // 6
-```
-
-If there are no arguments, parentheses should be empty (but they should be present):
-
-```js run
-let sayHi = () => alert("Hello!");
-
-sayHi();
-```
-
-Arrow functions can be used in the same way as Function Expressions.
-
-For instance, here's the rewritten example with `welcome()`:
-
-```js run
-let age = prompt("What is your age?", 18);
-
-let welcome = (age < 18) ?
-  () => alert('Hello') :
-  () => alert("Greetings!");
-
-welcome(); // ok now
-```
-
-Arrow functions may appear unfamiliar and not very readable at first, but that quickly changes as the eyes get used to the structure.
-
-They are very convenient for simple one-line actions, when we're just too lazy to write many words.
-
-```smart header="Multiline arrow functions"
-
-The examples above took arguments from the left of `=>` and evaluated the right-side expression with them.
-
-Sometimes we need something a little bit more complex, like multiple expressions or statements. It is also possible, but we should enclose them in curly braces. Then use a normal `return` within them.
-
-Like this:
-
-```js run
-let sum = (a, b) => {  // the curly brace opens a multiline function
-  let result = a + b;
-*!*
-  return result; // if we use curly braces, use return to get results
-*/!*
-};
-
-alert( sum(1, 2) ); // 3
-```
-
-```smart header="More to come"
-Here we praised arrow functions for brevity. But that's not all! Arrow functions have other interesting features. We'll return to them later in the chapter <info:arrow-functions>.
-
-For now, we can already use arrow functions for one-line actions and callbacks.
-```
-
 ## Summary
 
 - Functions are values. They can be assigned, copied or declared in any place of the code.
@@ -467,8 +366,3 @@ For now, we can already use arrow functions for one-line actions and callbacks.
 In most cases when we need to declare a function, a Function Declaration is preferable, because it is visible prior to the declaration itself. That gives us more flexibility in code organization, and is usually more readable.
 
 So we should use a Function Expression only when a Function Declaration is not fit for the task. We've seen a couple of examples of that in this chapter, and will see more in the future.
-
-Arrow functions are handy for one-liners. They come in two flavors:
-
-1. Without curly braces: `(...args) => expression` -- the right side is an expression: the function evaluates it and returns the result.
-2. With curly braces: `(...args) => { body }` -- brackets allow us to write multiple statements inside the function, but we need an explicit `return` to return something.

1-js/02-first-steps/15-function-expressions-arrows/1-rewrite-arrow/solution.md 1-js/02-first-steps/16-arrow-functions-basics/1-rewrite-arrow/solution.md

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 
 # Rewrite with arrow functions
 
-Replace Function Expressions with arrow functions in the code:
+Replace Function Expressions with arrow functions in the code below:
 
 ```js run
 function ask(question, yes, no) {

1-js/02-first-steps/15-function-expressions-arrows/1-rewrite-arrow/task.md 1-js/02-first-steps/16-arrow-functions-basics/1-rewrite-arrow/task.md

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+# Arrow functions, the basics
+
+There's another very simple and concise syntax for creating functions, that's often better than Function Expressions.
+
+It's called "arrow functions", because it looks like this:
+
+```js
+let func = (arg1, arg2, ...argN) => expression
+```
+
+...This creates a function `func` that accepts arguments `arg1..argN`, then evaluates the `expression` on the right side with their use and returns its result.
+
+In other words, it's the shorter version of:
+
+```js
+let func = function(arg1, arg2, ...argN) {
+  return expression;
+};
+```
+
+Let's see a concrete example:
+
+```js run
+let sum = (a, b) => a + b;
+
+/* This arrow function is a shorter form of:
+
+let sum = function(a, b) {
+  return a + b;
+};
+*/
+
+alert( sum(1, 2) ); // 3
+```
+
+As you can, see `(a, b) => a + b` means a function that accepts two arguments named `a` and `b`. Upon the execution, it evaluates the expression `a + b` and returns the result.
+
+- If we have only one argument, then parentheses around parameters can be omitted, making that even shorter.
+
+    For example:
+
+    ```js run
+    *!*
+    let double = n => n * 2;
+    // roughly the same as: let double = function(n) { return n * 2 }
+    */!*
+
+    alert( double(3) ); // 6
+    ```
+
+- If there are no arguments, parentheses will be empty (but they should be present):
+
+    ```js run
+    let sayHi = () => alert("Hello!");
+
+    sayHi();
+    ```
+
+Arrow functions can be used in the same way as Function Expressions.
+
+For instance, to dynamically create a function:
+
+```js run
+let age = prompt("What is your age?", 18);
+
+let welcome = (age < 18) ?
+  () => alert('Hello') :
+  () => alert("Greetings!");
+
+welcome(); // ok now
+```
+
+Arrow functions may appear unfamiliar and not very readable at first, but that quickly changes as the eyes get used to the structure.
+
+They are very convenient for simple one-line actions, when we're just too lazy to write many words.
+
+## Multiline arrow functions
+
+The examples above took arguments from the left of `=>` and evaluated the right-side expression with them.
+
+Sometimes we need something a little bit more complex, like multiple expressions or statements. It is also possible, but we should enclose them in curly braces. Then use a normal `return` within them.
+
+Like this:
+
+```js run
+let sum = (a, b) => {  // the curly brace opens a multiline function
+  let result = a + b;
+*!*
+  return result; // if we use curly braces, then we need an explicit "return" 
+*/!*
+};
+
+alert( sum(1, 2) ); // 3
+```
+
+```smart header="More to come"
+Here we praised arrow functions for brevity. But that's not all!
+
+Arrow functions have other interesting features.
+
+To study them in-depth, we first need to get to know some other aspects of JavaScript, so we'll return to arrow functions later in the chapter <info:arrow-functions>.
+
+For now, we can already use arrow functions for one-line actions and callbacks.
+```
+
+## Summary
+
+Arrow functions are handy for one-liners. They come in two flavors:
+
+1. Without curly braces: `(...args) => expression` -- the right side is an expression: the function evaluates it and returns the result.
+2. With curly braces: `(...args) => { body }` -- brackets allow us to write multiple statements inside the function, but we need an explicit `return` to return something.

1-js/02-first-steps/16-arrow-functions-basics/article.md

@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ We covered three ways to create a function in JavaScript:
 - Parameters can have default values: `function sum(a = 1, b = 2) {...}`.
 - Functions always return something. If there's no `return` statement, then the result is `undefined`.
 
-Details: see <info:function-basics>, <info:function-expressions-arrows>.
+Details: see <info:function-basics>, <info:arrow-functions-basics>.
 
 ## More to come
 

1-js/02-first-steps/16-javascript-specials/article.md 1-js/02-first-steps/17-javascript-specials/article.md

@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ These methods must return a primitive value. If `toString` or `valueOf` returns
 By default, a plain object has following `toString` and `valueOf` methods:
 
 - The `toString` method returns a string `"[object Object]"`.
-- The `valueOf` method returns an object itself.
+- The `valueOf` method returns the object itself.
 
 Here's the demo:
 
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ In contrast, `Symbol.toPrimitive` *must* return a primitive, otherwise there wil
 
 ## Further conversions
 
-As we know already, many operators and functions perform type conversions, e.g. multiplication `*` converts operatnds to numbers.
+As we know already, many operators and functions perform type conversions, e.g. multiplication `*` converts operands to numbers.
 
 If we pass an object as an argument, then there are two stages:
 1. The object is converted to a primitive (using the rules described above).

1-js/04-object-basics/05-object-toprimitive/article.md

@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ Strange! What is it then if not `0.3`?
 alert( 0.1 + 0.2 ); // 0.30000000000000004
 ```
 
-Ouch! There are more consequences than an incorrect comparison here. Imagine you're making an e-shopping site and the visitor puts `$0.10` and `$0.20` goods into their chart. The order total will be `$0.30000000000000004`. That would surprise anyone.
+Ouch! There are more consequences than an incorrect comparison here. Imagine you're making an e-shopping site and the visitor puts `$0.10` and `$0.20` goods into their cart. The order total will be `$0.30000000000000004`. That would surprise anyone.
 
 But why does this happen?
 

1-js/05-data-types/02-number/article.md

@@ -447,7 +447,7 @@ alert(arr);  // *!*1, 2, 15*/!*
 ````
 
 ````smart header="Arrow functions for the best"
-Remember [arrow functions](info:function-expressions-arrows#arrow-functions)? We can use them here for neater sorting:
+Remember [arrow functions](info:arrow-functions-basics)? We can use them here for neater sorting:
 
 ```js
 arr.sort( (a, b) => a - b );

1-js/05-data-types/05-array-methods/article.md

@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ let arr = Array.from(arrayLike); // (*)
 alert(arr.pop()); // World (method works)
 ```
 
-`Array.from` at the line `(*)` takes the object, examines it for being an iterable or array-like, then makes a new array and copies there all items.
+`Array.from` at the line `(*)` takes the object, examines it for being an iterable or array-like, then makes a new array and copies all items to it.
 
 The same happens for an iterable:
 

1-js/05-data-types/06-iterable/article.md

@@ -33,6 +33,13 @@ To create a new `Date` object call `new Date()` with one of the following argume
 
     It's a lightweight numeric representation of a date. We can always create a date from a timestamp using `new Date(timestamp)` and convert the existing `Date` object to a timestamp using the `date.getTime()` method (see below).
 
+    Dates before 01.01.1970 have negative timestamps, e.g.:
+    ```js run
+    // 31 Dec 1969
+    let Dec31_1969 = new Date(-24 * 3600 * 1000);
+    alert( Dec31_1969 );
+    ```
+
 `new Date(datestring)`
 : If there is a single argument, and it's a string, then it is parsed automatically. The algorithm is the same as `Date.parse` uses, we'll cover it later.
 

1-js/05-data-types/11-date/article.md

@@ -116,9 +116,9 @@ alert(User.prototype.sayHi); // alert(this.name);
 alert(Object.getOwnPropertyNames(User.prototype)); // constructor, sayHi
 ```
 
-## Not just a syntax sugar
+## Not just a syntactic sugar
 
-Sometimes people say that `class` is a "syntax sugar" (syntax that is designed to make things easier to read, but doesn't introduce anything new), because we could actually declare the same without `class` keyword at all:
+Sometimes people say that `class` is a "syntactic sugar" (syntax that is designed to make things easier to read, but doesn't introduce anything new), because we could actually declare the same without `class` keyword at all:
 
 ```js run
 // rewriting class User in pure functions
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ let user = new User("John");
 user.sayHi();
 ```
 
-The result of this definition is about the same. So, there are indeed reasons why `class` can be considered a syntax sugar to define a constructor together with its prototype methods.
+The result of this definition is about the same. So, there are indeed reasons why `class` can be considered a syntactic sugar to define a constructor together with its prototype methods.
 
 Still, there are important differences.
 
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ Object.defineProperties(User.prototype, {
 });
 ```
 
-Here's an example with a computed property in brackets `[...]`:
+Here's an example with a computed property name in brackets `[...]`:
 
 ```js run
 class User {
@@ -318,6 +318,9 @@ class User {
 }
 
 new User().sayHi();
+
+alert(User.prototype.sayHi); // placed in User.prototype
+alert(User.prototype.name); // undefined, not placed in User.prototype
 ```
 
 The property `name` is not placed into `User.prototype`. Instead, it is created by `new` before calling the constructor, it's a property of the object itself.

1-js/09-classes/01-class/article.md

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ The syntax to extend another class is: `class Child extends Parent`.
 
 Let's create `class Rabbit` that inherits from `Animal`:
 
-```js run
+```js
 *!*
 class Rabbit extends Animal {
 */!*