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Models Relations

⬆️ Go to main menu ⬅️ Previous (DB Models and Eloquent) ➡️ Next (Migrations)

OrderBy on Eloquent relationships

You can specify orderBy() directly on your Eloquent relationships.

public function products()
{
    return $this->hasMany(Product::class);
}

public function productsByName()
{
    return $this->hasMany(Product::class)->orderBy('name');
}

Conditional relationships

If you notice that you use same relationship often with additional "where" condition, you can create a separate relationship method.

Model:

public function comments()
{
    return $this->hasMany(Comment::class);
}

public function approved_comments()
{
    return $this->hasMany(Comment::class)->where('approved', 1);
}

Raw DB Queries: havingRaw()

You can use RAW DB queries in various places, including havingRaw() function after groupBy().

Product::groupBy('category_id')->havingRaw('COUNT(*) > 1')->get();

Eloquent has() deeper

You can use Eloquent has() function to query relationships even two layers deep!

// Author -> hasMany(Book::class);
// Book -> hasMany(Rating::class);
$authors = Author::has('books.ratings')->get();

Has Many. How many exactly?

In Eloquent hasMany() relationships, you can filter out records that have X amount of children records.

// Author -> hasMany(Book::class)
$authors = Author::has('books', '>', 5)->get();

Default model

You can assign a default model in belongsTo relationship, to avoid fatal errors when calling it like {{ $post->user->name }} if $post->user doesn't exist.

public function user()
{
    return $this->belongsTo('App\User')->withDefault();
}

Use hasMany to create Many

If you have hasMany() relationship, you can use saveMany() to save multiple "child" entries from your "parent" object, all in one sentence.

$post = Post::find(1);
$post->comments()->saveMany([
    new Comment(['message' => 'First comment']),
    new Comment(['message' => 'Second comment']),
]);

Multi level Eager Loading

In Laravel you can Eager Load multiple levels in one statement, in this example we not only load the author relation but also the country relation on the author model.

$users = App\Book::with('author.country')->get();

Eager Loading with Exact Columns

You can do Laravel Eager Loading and specify the exact columns you want to get from the relationship.

$users = App\Book::with('author:id,name')->get();

You can do that even in deeper, second level relationships:

$users = App\Book::with('author.country:id,name')->get();

Touch parent updated_at easily

If you are updating a record and want to update the updated_at column of parent relationship (like, you add new post comment and want posts.updated_at to renew), just use $touches = ['post']; property on child model.

class Comment extends Model
{
    protected $touches = ['post'];
}

Always Check if Relationship Exists

Never ever do $model->relationship->field without checking if relationship object still exists.

It may be deleted for whatever reason, outside your code, by someone else's queued job etc. Do if-else, or {{ $model->relationship->field ?? '' }} in Blade, or {{ optional($model->relationship)->field }}. With php8 you can even use the nullsafe operator {{ $model->relationship?->field) }}

Use withCount() to Calculate Child Relationships Records

If you have hasMany() relationship, and you want to calculate “children” entries, don’t write a special query. For example, if you have posts and comments on your User model, write this withCount():

public function index()
{
    $users = User::withCount(['posts', 'comments'])->get();
    return view('users', compact('users'));
}

And then, in your Blade file, you will access those number with {relationship}_count properties:

@foreach ($users as $user)
<tr>
    <td>{{ $user->name }}</td>
    <td class="text-center">{{ $user->posts_count }}</td>
    <td class="text-center">{{ $user->comments_count }}</td>
</tr>
@endforeach

You may also order by that field:

User::withCount('comments')->orderBy('comments_count', 'desc')->get();

Extra Filter Query on Relationships

If you want to load relationship data, you can specify some limitations or ordering in a closure function. For example, if you want to get Countries with only three of their biggest cities, here's the code.

$countries = Country::with(['cities' => function($query) {
    $query->orderBy('population', 'desc');
}])->get();

Load Relationships Always, but Dynamically

You can not only specify what relationships to ALWAYS load with the model, but you can do it dynamically, in the constructor method:

class ProductTag extends Model
{
    protected $with = ['product'];

    public function __construct() {
        parent::__construct();
        $this->with = ['product'];
        
        if (auth()->check()) {
            $this->with[] = 'user';
        }
    }
}

Instead of belongsTo, use hasMany

For belongsTo relationship, instead of passing parent's ID when creating child record, use hasMany relationship to make a shorter sentence.

// if Post -> belongsTo(User), and User -> hasMany(Post)...
// Then instead of passing user_id...
Post::create([
    'user_id' => auth()->id(),
    'title' => request()->input('title'),
    'post_text' => request()->input('post_text'),
]);

// Do this
auth()->user()->posts()->create([
    'title' => request()->input('title'),
    'post_text' => request()->input('post_text'),
]);

Rename Pivot Table

If you want to rename "pivot" word and call your relationship something else, you just use ->as('name') in your relationship.

Model:

public function podcasts() {
    return $this->belongsToMany('App\Podcast')
        ->as('subscription')
        ->withTimestamps();
}

Controller:

$podcasts = $user->podcasts();
foreach ($podcasts as $podcast) {
    // instead of $podcast->pivot->created_at ...
    echo $podcast->subscription->created_at;
}

Update Parent in One Line

If you have a belongsTo() relationship, you can update the Eloquent relationship data in the same sentence:

// if Project -> belongsTo(User::class)
$project->user->update(['email' => '[email protected]']);

Laravel 7+ Foreign Keys

From Laravel 7, in migrations you don't need to write two lines for relationship field - one for the field and one for foreign key. Use method foreignId().

// Before Laravel 7
Schema::table('posts', function (Blueprint $table)) {
    $table->unsignedBigInteger('user_id');
    $table->foreign('user_id')->references('id')->on('users');
}

// From Laravel 7
Schema::table('posts', function (Blueprint $table)) {
    $table->foreignId('user_id')->constrained();
}

// Or, if your field is different from the table reference
Schema::table('posts', function (Blueprint $table)) {
    $table->foreignId('created_by_id')->constrained('users', 'column');
}

Combine Two "whereHas"

In Eloquent, you can combine whereHas() and orDoesntHave() in one sentence.

User::whereHas('roles', function($query) {
    $query->where('id', 1);
})
->orDoesntHave('roles')
->get();

Check if Relationship Method Exists

If your Eloquent relationship names are dynamic and you need to check if relationship with such name exists on the object, use PHP function method_exists($object, $methodName)

$user = User::first();
if (method_exists($user, 'roles')) {
	// Do something with $user->roles()->...
}

Pivot Table with Extra Relations

In many-to-many relationship, your pivot table may contain extra fields, and even extra relationships to other Model.

Then generate a separate Pivot Model:

php artisan make:model RoleUser --pivot

Next, specify it in belongsToMany() with ->using() method. Then you could do magic, like in the example.

// in app/Models/User.php
public function roles()
{
	return $this->belongsToMany(Role::class)
	    ->using(RoleUser::class)
	    ->withPivot(['team_id']);
}

// app/Models/RoleUser.php: notice extends Pivot, not Model
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\Pivot;

class RoleUser extends Pivot
{
	public function team()
	{
	    return $this->belongsTo(Team::class);
	}
}

// Then, in Controller, you can do:
$firstTeam = auth()->user()->roles()->first()->pivot->team->name;

Load Count on-the-fly

In addition to Eloquent's withCount() method to count related records, you can also load the count on-the-fly, with loadCount():

// if your Book hasMany Reviews...
$book = App\Book::first();

$book->loadCount('reviews');
// Then you get access to $book->reviews_count;

// Or even with extra condition
$book->loadCount(['reviews' => function ($query) {
    $query->where('rating', 5);
}]);

Randomize Relationship Order

You can use inRandomOrder() to randomize Eloquent query result, but also you can use it to randomize the relationship entries you're loading with query.

// If you have a quiz and want to randomize questions...

// 1. If you want to get questions in random order:
$questions = Question::inRandomOrder()->get();

// 2. If you want to also get question options in random order:
$questions = Question::with(['answers' => function($q) {
    $q->inRandomOrder();
}])->inRandomOrder()->get();

Filter hasMany relationships

Just a code example from my project, showing the possibility of filtering hasMany relationships.
TagTypes -> hasMany Tags -> hasMany Examples
And you wanna query all the types, with their tags, but only those that have examples, ordering by most examples.

$tag_types = TagType::with(['tags' => function ($query) {
    $query->has('examples')
        ->withCount('examples')
        ->orderBy('examples_count', 'desc');
    }])->get();

Filter by many-to-many relationship pivot column

If you have a many-to-many relationship, and you add an extra column to the pivot table, here's how you can order by it when querying the list.

class Tournament extends Model
{
    public function countries()
    {
        return $this->belongsToMany(Country::class)->withPivot(['position']);
    }
}
class TournamentsController extends Controller

public function whatever_method() {
    $tournaments = Tournament::with(['countries' => function($query) {
            $query->orderBy('position');
        }])->latest()->get();
}

A shorter way to write whereHas

Released in Laravel 8.57: a shorter way to write whereHas() with a simple condition inside.

// Before
User::whereHas('posts', function ($query) {
    $query->where('published_at', '>', now());
})->get();

// After
User::whereRelation('posts', 'published_at', '>', now())->get();

You can add conditions to your relationships

class User
{
    public function posts()
    {
        return $this->hasMany(Post::class);
    }
    
    // with a getter
    public function getPublishedPostsAttribute()
    {
        return $this->posts->filter(fn ($post) => $post->published);
    }
    
    // with a relationship
    public function publishedPosts()
    {
        return $this->hasMany(Post::class)->where('published', true);
    }
}

Tip given by @anwar_nairi

New whereBelongsTo() Eloquent query builder method

Laravel 8.63.0 ships with a new whereBelongsTo() Eloquent query builder method. Smiling face with heart-shaped eyes
This allows you to remove BelongsTo foreign key names from your queries, and use the relationship method as a single source of truth instead!

// From:
$query->where('author_id', $author->id)

// To:
$query->whereBelongsTo($author)

// Easily add more advanced filtering:
Post::query()
    ->whereBelongsTo($author)
    ->whereBelongsTo($cateogry)
    ->whereBelongsTo($section)
    ->get();

// Specify a custom relationship:
$query->whereBelongsTo($author, 'author')

Tip given by @danjharrin

The is() method of one-to-one relationships for comparing models

We can now make comparisons between related models without further database access.

// BEFORE: the foreign key is taken from the Post model
$post->author_id === $user->id;

// BEFORE: An additional request is made to get the User model from the Author relationship
$post->author->is($user);

// AFTER
$post->author()->is($user);

Tip given by @PascalBaljet

whereHas() multiple connections

// User Model
class User extends Model
{
    protected $connection = 'conn_1';

    public function posts()
    {
        return $this->hasMany(Post::class);
    }
}

// Post Model
class Post extends Model
{
    protected $connection = 'conn_2';

    public function user()
    {
        return $this->belongsTo(User::class, 'user_id');
    }
}

// wherehas()
$posts = Post::whereHas('user', function ($query) use ($request) {
      $query->from('db_name_conn_1.users')->where(...);
  })->get();

Tip given by @adityaricki

Update an existing pivot record

If you want to update an existing pivot record on the table, use updateExistingPivot instead of syncWithPivotValues.

// Migrations
Schema::create('role_user', function ($table) {
    $table->unsignedId('user_id');
    $table->unsignedId('role_id');
    $table->timestamp('assigned_at');
})

// first param for the record id
// second param for the pivot records
$user->roles()->updateExistingPivot(
    $id, ['assigned_at' => now()],    
);

Tip given by @sky_0xs

Relation that will get the newest (or oldest) item

New in Laravel 8.42: In an Eloquent model can define a relation that will get the newest (or oldest) item of another relation.

public function historyItems(): HasMany
{
    return $this
        ->hasMany(ApplicationHealthCheckHistoryItem::class)
        ->orderByDesc('created_at');
}

public function latestHistoryItem(): HasOne
{
    return $this
        ->hasOne(ApplicationHealthCheckHistoryItem::class)
        ->latestOfMany();
}